Genetic variation and food selection

Question 1

__________ is the sense of taste which occurs via _______ which are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue

Answer 1

gustation
papillae

Question 2

Bitter, sweet, salty and sour and umami are regulated by different mechanisms and receptors. Ion channels in taste receptor cells account for _________ taste and the TAS2R gene family encode receptors for ___________ taste. Variations and polymorphisms of genes in receptors may account for differences in food choices.

Answer 2

salty
bitter

Question 3

___________ are the chemical structures that result in bitter taste. The two common gene regulators studied in bitter studies are _______ and _________

Answer 3

phytochemicals
PTC
PROP

Question 4

The _______ gene family regulate gene for PTC sensitivity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms result in __________ in PTC taste sensitivity

Answer 4

T2R
variance

Question 5

____________ have greatest sensitivity to PTC/PROP
_______________ have least sensitivity
_______________ are intermediate

Answer 5

PAV homozygotes
AV1 homozygotes
PAV/AV1 heterozygotes

Question 6

Increase taste sensitivity has been hypothesized to consume less vegetables and more sweet/fatty foods but contrarily, increased sensitivity also associated with increased penetrating of taste which may prevent _______________

Answer 6

over consumption of food in general

Question 7

__________ gene combo was discovered as the gene responsible for sweet taste detection and _______ and ______ is responsible for umami

Answer 7

TIR2/3
TIR1/3

Question 8

_________ gene has been associated with higher habitual consumption of sugars.

Answer 8

Glut 2

Question 9

Salt taste mostly derived via NaCL. _______ sodium channels (ENaCs) localted within taste membranes may play role in perception. As Na+ _________ flows through channels, the depolarized taste receptor cells elicit a salt taste response

Answer 9

Epithelial
passively

Question 10

Trpv1 is the gene that plays a role in salt sensitivity. A SNP within the ________________ has been linked to different responses to NaCl

Answer 10

sodium channels

Question 11

Sour taste is triggered by acidic substances as they cause _________________ induced Ca2+ entry into taste receptor cells. The two genes found to be related include _______ and _________

Answer 11

depolarization
PKD2L1/3

Question 12

Umami flavor is from ________ and ____________ substances

Answer 12

l-glutamate and l-aspartate

Question 13

The main gene protein receptor for umami taste is ________ but related to sweet taste processing as excitation of HEK cells only when coexpressed by TIR1/3

Answer 13

mGluR4

Question 14

Fat taste is the perception to detect high energy foods, foods containing fat soluble vitamins/essential fatty acids. Humans and mice tend to have an ________ toward dietary dat and there may be some oral detection.

Answer 14

inclination

Question 15

CD36 is proposed to be the___________ It is an integral membrane protein that has a high affininty for long chain fatty acids and facilitates free fatty acid transport.

Answer 15

oral lipid sensor