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Grade 11 Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define genetics

A

The scientific study of hereditary and variation or inherited characteristics

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2
Q

Define heredity

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

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3
Q

What is the purpose of cell division of multicellular organisms

A

Growth and repair

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4
Q

What is the purpose of cell division for unicellular organisms

A

Reproduction

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5
Q

What causes traits to be passed on from parent to offspring

A

Genetic material

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6
Q

Define genetic material

A

A term used to describe all material in an organism that stores genetic material

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7
Q

Where is the genetic information contained in a chromosome

A

DNA

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8
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonuclectic acid

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9
Q

What is a gene

A

A portion or segment of DNA molecule that carries the information that helps to produce a particular trait of an organism. Each gene occupies a specific location (aka locus) on a chromosome

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10
Q

What do chromosomes carry

A

Hundreds or even thousands of genes

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11
Q

What happens to chromosomes, and all the genetic information that contain, during cell division

A

They duplicate

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12
Q

Where are chromosomes found

A

In the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

Are all chromosomes the same between species

A

No

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14
Q

What is a somatic cell

A

The body cell

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15
Q

What is a diploid

A

Cells that have two sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

Are humans haploid or diploids and why

A

Haploid because we have 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell of which 23 came from her dad and 23 came from her mom

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17
Q

What is the equation for a diploid human cells

A

2n=46

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18
Q

What is a haploid

A

Cells that have half the normal number of chromosomes

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19
Q

What are gametes

A

Human sex cells that have 23 chromosomes each and are haploid

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20
Q

What is the equation for haploid human sex cells

A

n=23

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21
Q

What is a polyploid

A

Cells contain three or more sets of chromosomes. Some plant species demonstrate this

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22
Q

define asexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring from a single parent; the genetic makeup of the offspring is identical to that of the parent

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23
Q

Give the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

No meeting part require, doesn’t have to perform specialized behaviors or possess specialize anatomy, direct and invariable heredity, quick and easy

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

lacks variability and population, vulnerable to changes in the environment [cannot adapt]

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25
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring to sex sells and the make up of the offspring is different from that of either parent

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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Must have specialized organs to produce each sex cell, attracts predators, it takes a lot of effort

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27
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

It is able to adapt to the environment and this leads to evolution

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28
Q

Go through the cell cycle

A

Mitosis, Gap one [cell growth], synthesis [each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated), gap phase 2 [cell death can occur if needed], repeat

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29
Q

What are the different phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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30
Q

What happens during prophase

A

The nuclear membrane starts to dissolve

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31
Q

What is the kinetochore

A

A protein structure that helps a great chromosomes to the spindle fibers

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32
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

The spindle fibers begin moving and aligning the chromosomes. Each chromosome composed of sister chromatids is pull toys center of the cell where it center meter becomes a line across the middle or equator of the cell

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33
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Centromeres divided and this is true, totes [now referred to as chromatids] move to opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes of being pulled by there centromeres, resulting in a distinctive pattern with the ends the chromosomes telling behind. if mitosis proceeds correctly, the same number and type of chromosomes will be found at each pole of the cell

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34
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and begin to unwind. As a do, the spindle fibers dissolve a nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, this results into daughter nuclei

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35
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm is divided to form two new cells. Although the nucleus is divided during mitosis, the division of the cell content two new daughter cells occurs during cytokinesis, is that a case is all separate other organelles approximately equally

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36
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and caring information for the same jeans

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37
Q

Define cloning

A

The process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue [occurs commonly in a sexual reproduction]

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38
Q

Why is Frederick steward famous

A

He was a plant biologist that announced his success including a plant from a single parent cell. He was the first to do this

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39
Q

What was the first animal cloning experiment done with

A

Frogs

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40
Q

What is meiosis

A

A two-stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In every somatic cell, there are two copies of each chromosome, from each parent.

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41
Q

What does meiosis develop

A

Sex cells only

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42
Q

In mitosis how many cells do you end up with

A

2 diploid

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43
Q

In meiosis how many cells do you end up with

A

Four haploid

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44
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

Interphase, prophase one, metaphase one, anaphase one, telophase one, then starts the actual meiosis two, prophase two, metaphase two, and a phase 2, telophase two

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45
Q

What is crossing over

A

That occurs during prophase one where intertwined chromatids from different chromosomes exchange sections of genetic material this results in increased variation

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46
Q

And interface, prophase one, metaphase one and anaphase one as well as Tele phase 1 what is that all the same as

A

Mitosis

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47
Q

What happens in interphase

A

Did replication occurs

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48
Q

What happens in prophase one

A

Chromosomes start to shorten thicken; nuclear membranes ours is all of: centrals start to move to opposite poles and spindle fibers start to form

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49
Q

What is a tetrad

A

When chromosomes come together and homologous pairs of chromosomes of the pair is composed of a pair of sister chromatids and the whole structure is referred to as a tetrad because each pair of chromosomes is composed of four chromatids

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50
Q

What is synapsis

A

Each sister chromatid and a twines with a sister, if mismatching Molitas call Mazzone

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51
Q

What happens during metaphase one

A

The tetrads [made up of pairs of homologous chromosomes] align centimeters across the middle of the cell

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52
Q

What happens in anaphase one

A

Mall just chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. This is called reduction division whereby only one chromosome from each mall sound and each new daughter cell

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53
Q

What happens in Tele phase 1

A

Nuclear membrane starts to form around the chromosomes and the cell begins to divide. These cells are now haploid and are no longer identical

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54
Q

What happens during prophase two

A

Nuclear membrane dissolves in the spindle fibers begin to form

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55
Q

What happens during metaphase two

A

Chromosomes align across the middle of the cell such that sister chromatids are on opposite sides of the metaphase plate

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56
Q

What happens during anaphase two

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. The nuclear membrane begins to form around chromatid, now called chromosome

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57
Q

What happens during telophase two

A

Second nuclear division is complete and the second division of cytoplasm occurs. Four haploid daughter cells akagametes have been produced. The recombination of genetic information that occurs during crossing over means that all 4 gametes are genetically different

58
Q

When lining up and Meiosis one, do the chromosomes lineup in a specific order

A

Nope and this is what causes genetic variation

59
Q

Where does meiosis take place

A

In the testes and ovaries

60
Q

What is the production of sperm cells called

A

Spermatogenesis

61
Q

What is the production of egg cells [] called

A

oogenesis

62
Q

What are some differences between the mayo sis in testes and ovaries

A

In males, the cytoplasm is evenly divided among all four daughter cells. And females the majority of the cytoplasm goes to one of the daughter cells resulting in three polar bodies

63
Q

What is a polar body

A

And over that cannot produce a child

64
Q

When do females produce all potential eggs

A

A few weeks before she’s even born

65
Q

When do males produce their sperm cells

A

Hundreds of millions every day

66
Q

What is a zygote

A

When the sperm and egg meet Sue fertilization, then the two haploid cells joined to make a diploid cell not is a zygote

67
Q

What is the number of parent cells in mitosis and meiosis

A

One for both

68
Q

What is the number of divisions in mitosis and meiosis

A

One and two

69
Q

What is the number of daughter cells produced in animals in mitosis and meiosis

A

Two daughter cells for mitosis and for functional sperm cells for me oh sis and one functional egg and three polar bodies for the females in meiosis

70
Q

What’s the size of daughter cells relative to the parent cell in mitosis

A

It’s the same

71
Q

What’s the size of daughter cells relative to parent cell in meiosis

A

For sperm cells are very small compared to the XL

72
Q

What are the number of chromosomes in parent cell in mitosis and Milos us

A

46

73
Q

What is the number of chromosomes per daughter cell at the end of the process of mitosis and Mieosis

A

46 and 23

74
Q

What’s the genetic comparison of chromosomes and parent cell versus daughter cell in mitosis and meiosis

A

In mitosis is the exact same as a parent and in meiosis is genetically different

75
Q

Where does mitosis occur

A

All over the body

76
Q

What is the function of mitosis

A

Cellular reproduction and General growth or a pair of the body

77
Q

What’s the function of meiosis

A

Genetic diversity through sexual reproduction and to form an embryo

78
Q

Is mitosis sexual or asexual

A

Asexual

79
Q

Is meiosis asexual or sexual

A

Sexual

80
Q

What are the advantages of mitosis

A

Identical copy of the parent, allows for cells to mass produce with identical properties [allow skin to look the same], faster production

81
Q

What are the advantages of meiosis

A

Diversity, disease comes not every cell be affected because the Danny’s different, Millatti to change and adapt to the environment

82
Q

What are the disadvantages of mitosis

A

If you have cells will continue to replicate, can produce offspring better than parent cells, difficult to adapt to environment because of lack of genetic variability

83
Q

Disadvantages of meiosis

A

Cannot reproduce on its own, takes time/energy a loy of it

84
Q

What is a karyotype

A

A picture of chromosomes that have been arranged according to number, size, shape or some other characteristic

85
Q

In chromosome 23 for females and for males what are they

A

Females are XX and males are XY

86
Q

Define non-disjunction

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

87
Q

When can nondisjunction occurs

A

During meiosis one and meiosis two

88
Q

Define trisomy

A

A chromosomal of normally in which there are three homes in place of a mall just pair. It occurs because of gametes containing 24 chromosomes and 723 chromosomes fertilizers with a normalgamete

89
Q

What is monosomy

A

A chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of the homologous pair. This occurs because again meet containing 22 chromosomes in zone 23 chromosomes fertilizer than normal gamete

90
Q

Who is considered to be the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

91
Q

What did Mendel do

A

a monk who studied garden Pea plants and crossed breeding them. He kept his records and his experiments was taking plants and using specific traits and cross breeding them to produce offspring.

92
Q

What was Mendels first experiment

A

He crossed true breeding white flowered pea plant with the true breeding purple flowered Pea plant

93
Q

What was the result of Mendels first experiment

A

The F1 generation had all purple flowers

94
Q

When Mendel cross bread the flowers of the first generation, what was the results

A

Purple and white flowers appeared [3 purple to 1 White]

95
Q

What is the first law of medallion inheritance

A

In the F1 generation, the “dominant factor quote was expressed while the “recessive factor “remain hidden until it was expressed in the F2 generation

96
Q

What does the law of segregation state

A
  1. Organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent; for each characteristic an organism carries 2 genes – one from each parent
  2. organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation [during meiosis]
97
Q

Define test cross

A

When you breed/cross phenotypically Delma individual with if we don’t typically recessive individual to help determine the genotype of the phenotypically dominant individual

98
Q

Define trait

A

A particular version of a characteristic that is inherited such as hair color or blood type

99
Q

Are traits different than characteristics

A

Yes, trait represents variation within a characteristic for example I color is a characteristic where is blue eyes brown eyes are trait

100
Q

Define a true breeding organism

A

An organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more treats when self pollinated or when crossing with other true breeding organisms for the same traits.

101
Q

Define hybrids

A

The offspring of two different true breeding organisms

102
Q

Define cross

A

The successful meeting or breeding of two organisms from distinct genetic lines

103
Q

Define P generation

A

The parent plants used in a cross

104
Q

Define F1 generation

A

The offspring of a P generation cross

105
Q

Define F2 generation

A

The offspring of an F1 generation cross

106
Q

Define mono hybrid

A

The offspring of two different true breeding organisms that differ in only one characteristic

107
Q

Define mono hybrid cross

A

Across designed to study the inheritance of only one trait

108
Q

Define allele

A

A specific form of a gene

109
Q

Define heterozygous

A

Describes an individual that carries two different alleles forgiven characteristic

110
Q

Define homozygous

A

Describes individual that carries to the same alleles for a given characteristic

111
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual [BB -homozygous…Bb-heterozygous)

112
Q

Define phenotype

A

The individuals outward appearance with respect to specific characteristics

113
Q

Define dominant allele

A

Filial that, if present, is always expressed. This is due to the fact that the dominant allele usually codes for a working protein roads recessive alleles not

114
Q

Define recessive allele

A

The allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele, that is if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele

115
Q

What is complete dominance inheritance

A

If there is a dominant then it will “win “and the end result will be that trait even if there’s another

116
Q

What is a punnets square

A

A diagram that summarizes every possible combination of each a Leo from each parent; a tool for determining the probability of a single offspring having a particular genotype

117
Q

What is complete dominance

A

A situation where an allele but will determine the phenotype, regardless of the presence of the other allele

118
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

A situation where neither allele donates other both have an influence on the individual, results in partial expression of both traits

119
Q

What is code dominance

A

A situation where both alleles are expressed Foley to produce offspring with us third phenotype. Example was in southern cattle, when I Redbull is crossed with a white cow, it will produce a rowan calf which has pure white and pure red hair

120
Q

Is human blood a codominant or dominant trait

A

Both

121
Q

What is an antigen

A

Protein that sits on the cell and as a marker to identify it

122
Q

What are the different phenotypes of blood

A

A, B, AB, O

123
Q

What are the genotypes of blood type a

A

IAIA and IAi

124
Q

What are the genotypes for blood type B

A

IBIB, IBi

125
Q

What are the genotypes for blood type AB

A

IAIB

126
Q

What is the genotype for blood type O

A

ii

127
Q

What type of blood can blood type a recieve from

A

A and O

128
Q

What type of blood in blood type B received from

A

B and O

129
Q

What type of blood can blood type AB receive from

A

A, B and O as well as AB

130
Q

What type of blood can blood type O receive from

A

O

131
Q

Who can blood type a give to

A

A and AB

132
Q

Who can blood type B give to

A

B & AB

133
Q

Who can blood type AB give two

A

A B

134
Q

Who can blood type O give to

A

All of them

135
Q

What is a pedigree

A

Diagram of individuals ancestors used to analyze Italian in Heritance of certain trait; also use for selective breeding of plants and animals

136
Q

What are the modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal dominant, AutoZone will recessive, sex linked, X-linked, Y-linked

137
Q

Define autosomal inheritance

A

Inheritance of alleles located on AutoZone mole [nonsex] chromosomes

138
Q

Define AutoZone will dominant

A

If a disease or trait is autosomal dominant, you only need one copy of the gene for the parents to get the disease or treat

139
Q

Define autosomal recessive

A

If a disease or treat is autosomal recessive you need to get two copies of the gene in order for the disease or treat to develop

140
Q

Define sex linked

A

Describes an allele that is found on one of the sex chromosomes, X or Y, and when passed on to offspring is expressed

141
Q

Define X-linked

A

Phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the X-chromosome. If a male inherits the X-chromosome from a mother who carries the recessive allele, he will express the disorder because the Y chromosome does not mask effects of the alley. A female would have to get the recessive allele from both her mother and father in order to get the recessive sex linked disorder

142
Q

Define Y-linked

A

Phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the Y chromosome. There are fewer wiling to disorders because the Y chromosome is small and therefore does not carry as many genes, plus there is reduced fertility in males with wiling to disorders

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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