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Grade 11 Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between the body mass and metabolic rate?

A

the larger the animal, the slower the metabolic rate

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2
Q

What are nutrients

A

a chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive, nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy

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3
Q

How is light energy different from chemical energy?

A

light energy is used by plants and converted into chemical and cannot be stored in cells
chemical energy is obtained by eating the chemical energy made by plants and can be stored

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4
Q

what is endothermic organisms

A

mammals and birds- need much energy to keep bodies warm and therefore must consumer lots of energy (warm blooded animals)

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5
Q

What are ectothermic organisms

A

cold blooded

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6
Q

define metabolism

A

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

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7
Q

define catabolism

A

the metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules from smaller subunits

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8
Q

define anabolism

A

the metabolic reactions that use energy to break down larger molecules from smaller subunits

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9
Q

define metabolic rate

A

the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy

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10
Q

wat factors affect a organisms metabolic rate?

A 
body size
physical activity
sex
age
hereditary factors
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11
Q

how does body size affect metabolic rate

A

he karger the body the more energy it requires to stay alive

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12
Q

how does physical activity affect metabolic rate

A

muscle burns more energy that fat, so physical activity requires more energy

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13
Q

how does sex affect metabolic rate

A

males are typically bigger and require more energy that females of the same age, size and fitness level

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14
Q

how does age affect metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate decreases with age

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15
Q

how does hereditary factors affect metabolic rate

A

some have naturally high metabolic rates

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16
Q

how is energy measured

A

in joules through the formula of

BMR= [655+(9.6xmass in kg)+(1.8xheight in cm)-(4.7xage in years)] x 4.18

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17
Q

Where do carbohydrate come from

A

glucose, fructose lactose and starches

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18
Q

What are the different structures that carbohydrates come in

A

monosaccharides-1 sugar
disaccairdes- 2 sugar
polusacchaides-many sugar

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19
Q

function of carbs in body

A

energy

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20
Q

where is carbs stored

A

liver , muscle and tissue

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21
Q

sources of lipids

A

fats and oils

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22
Q

form/structure of lipids

A

take form of some hormones

in a cabin-hydrogen chain

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23
Q

function of lipids

A

chemical energy

helps absorb vitamins

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24
Q

Sources of proteins

A

animal sources (meat and cheese), plant sources (nuts and seeds)

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25
Q

structure/form of proteins

A

made of long chains called amino acids

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26
Q

function of proteins

A 
building blocks of cell
generates motion
generates metabolic rate
transports oxygen
controls chemical reactions
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27
Q

what are the 6 essential nutrients needed

A 
carbs
protein
minerals
lipids
water
vitamins
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28
Q

What are the four main steps in digestion

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion

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29
Q

what is ingestion

A

The taking in of nutrients

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30
Q

What is digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of complex food molecules to smaller molecules

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31
Q

What is absorption

A

The transfer of digested nutrients from the digestive system and the bloodstream

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32
Q

Define egestion

A

The removal of waste food materials from the body

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33
Q

how many digestive openings do more complex animals have

A

typically two (one for intake and one for outtake)

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34
Q

how long is the digestive track in a human

A

7m-9m (depending)

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35
Q

how does the muscle and bone system aid digestion

A

enables animals to catch and ingest food

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36
Q

how does the circulatory system aid digestion

A

transports oxygen and other materials to the digestive system and caries digesting food to parts of body

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37
Q

what starts the digestion in the mouth

A

enzymes called amylase

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38
Q

what teeth help digestion

A

molars are flat for grinding and crushing food, incisors and canines are sharp for grabbing and cutting

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39
Q

what does the teeth organisms have indicate

A

their diet

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40
Q

what kind of muscles are in the esophagus

A

smooth

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41
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Wavelike contractions to move food down

42
Q

what is sphincter

A

circular muscles that contract to close an opening in the body

43
Q

How many sphincters are there in the human body

A

over 50

44
Q

where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located

A

where the esophagus joins the stomach. it prevents food and acid from moving up the esophagus (preventing acid reflux)

45
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter located

A

between the exit point of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine

46
Q

What is the stomach

A

Parking were food is temporarily stored and chemical digestion continues

47
Q

What is gastric juice do

A

Provides the necessary acidic environment for enzymes to function. It also kills most of the bacteria or other microorganisms enter the stomach

48
Q

What is gastrin

A

A major hormone that regulates acid secretion in The stomach

49
Q

What is mucus

A

It is present in gastric juices and helps protect the stomach from acid damage

50
Q

What is pepsinogen

A

It’s secreted in the stomach and is converted to pepsine a protein digesting enzyme, when exposed to the acid present and gastric juices

51
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Begins the breakdown of proteins into separate amino acids. Secreting the interactive enzyme pepsin engine prevents damage to the stomach tissue. If gastric glands were to make Pepsin and pepsinogen, the stomach would digest itself

52
Q

What is the small intestine

A

Where most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place

53
Q

How big is the small intestine

A

It’s a two two only about 2.5 cm in diameter and can we 7 m long

54
Q

What are the three sections a small intestine is made up of

A

Duodenum, jejunun, and the lieum

55
Q

What happens in the duodenim

A

Most enzymes are added indigestion occurs

56
Q

What happens in the jejunum

A

The dressing continues and some nutrients are absorbed

57
Q

Where are the majority of nutrients absorbed

A

in the ileum

58
Q

What is villi

A

The inner layer of the small intestine that is folded into ridges containing fingerlike projections to maximize surface area for nutrient absorption

59
Q

How is the surface area even more increased in the small intestine

A

Each of the epithelial cells that make up the villi has even smaller microscopic projections of the cell membrane called microvillous

60
Q

The combined effect of the villi and microvilli is estimated to increase the surface area by factor of what

A

500

61
Q

Within each villus is a network of tiny blood vessels called what

A

capillaries

62
Q

all nutrients, except for digestive thoughts, enter the bloodstream through the what

A

The pillory’s

63
Q

What are digested fats transported through

A

Small vessels called lacteals. They are transported into the lymphatic system and from there the bloodstream

64
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Secrete enzymes that are critical to the digestive process, and it also secretes hormones that regulate the absorption and storage of glucose from the blood

65
Q

Where is the enzyme amylase found

A

In the saliva is also secrete by the pancreas and continues the digestion of starch

66
Q

When is a hormone called cholecystokinin (CKK) released

A

When fat rich chyme enters the duodenim

67
Q

What does CKK do

A

To secrete of variety of substances including ones that control the pH of a test signing enzymes that are needed relief this lipid, carbs and protein digestion
Also signals the stomach to slow down the speed of digestion so that fat be properly digested

68
Q

What is a pH of chyme it enters the small intestine

A

About 2.5

69
Q

What is the low pH of chyme trigger

A

Account cold cold pro secret that is present in the epithelial cells of small intestine is converted into its active form secretin

70
Q

What is secretions primary function

A

To simulate the pancreas to release bio carbonate ion to neutralize the acidic chyme and raise the pH 2.5 to pH 9.0

71
Q

Does secretin to protect the small intestine from stomach acids

A

Yes

72
Q

Why is pepsin discontinued in the small intestine

A

Because it’s only active in acidic conditions

73
Q

What is trypsinogen

A

The pancreas releases it and it is an inactive form of protein digesting enzyme called enterokinase

74
Q

What does trypsinogen do

A

Travel to the pancreas to the duodenum and once it reaches their an enzyme Called enterokinase converts it into an active trypsin

75
Q

What is the action of lipases

A

Thoughts and to enter the duodenum are subject to this which is a group of enzymes secreted by the pancreas that breakdown lipids into fatty acid molecules

76
Q

What are fats in chyme presented as

A

Large globules

77
Q

Can look paces penetrate beyond the surface of fat globules

A

no, the liver must help

78
Q

what does the liver produce

A

bile

79
Q

what is bile

A

A substance that emulsifiers fats, breaking them into tiny droplets called micelles

80
Q

How does this help lipases

A

Gives them a much greater surface area on which to act in the rate of lipid suggestion increases

81
Q

Where is bile stored

A

The gallbladder

82
Q

When the lipids are present in the small intestine, where is the bile squeezed out of

A

The bile duct

83
Q

the breakdown and removal of toxins occurs where

A

the liver

84
Q

does the liver also produces in stores glisan gin and fat-soluble vitamins?

A

yes

85
Q

Define passive transport

A

Movement of materials across the cell membrane without the use of energy from the cell. This indicates diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion

86
Q

Defined diffusion

A

It will follow the concentrated gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. For example small amino acid can diffuse directly into the bloodstream

87
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration of water molecules

88
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

The diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane via transport protein

89
Q

What is active transport

A

Materials are moved across the cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy provided by the cell

90
Q

What is active transport used for

A

To transport molecules that are too large or half stronger on even electrical charge that otherwise will not diffuse across the membrane

91
Q

About how long is the large intestine

A

Approximately 1.5 m in length but is 2 to 3 times larger in diameter than the small intestine

92
Q

What is the large intestine consist of

A

cecum, colon, rectum and anus

93
Q

Is most of the digestion and instruction completed by the time the digestive material has reached large intestine

A

Yes

94
Q

When is water absorbed through the process of osmosis

A

At undigested material such as cellulose passes through the Colin

95
Q

Approximately how many liters of fluids passes large intestine daily

A

20

96
Q

What vitamins and I and are also absorbed in the large intestine

A

Vitamin B and K and sodium and chloride

97
Q

But how many hours does it take for the undigested material to passive large intestine

A

4 to 72 hours depending on the types and volume of food eaten

98
Q

How many species of bacteria are in the large intestine

A

More than 500

99
Q

What is most common species of bacteria in human large intestine

A

E. coli. These bacteria exists in the intestine in a symbiotic relationship

100
Q

What do the bacteria produce

A

vitamin K and some vitamin b

101
Q

What is another byproduct of bacteria action

A

Gas switches the mixture of carbon dioxide methane and hydrogen sulfide

102
Q

What is flatulence

A

Escapes gas made by the bacteria that was not absorbed

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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