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Grade 11 Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is evolution important

A

To allow for species to adapt to the environment survive

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2
Q

What is the mechanism that drives evolution

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

Define natural selection

A

The way in which nature favors the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others

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4
Q

What must be present in order for nature to be for some individuals other

A

Genetic diversity

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5
Q

What are mutations a source of

A

Genetic variation

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6
Q

How do you mutations occur

A

Substitution, insertion, deletion

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7
Q

What is substitution

A

the exchange of one base for another in DNA (i.e., switching and A for a G)

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8
Q

What is insertion

A

when extra base pairs are inserted into a new place

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9
Q

What is deletion

A

When a section of DNA is lost or deleted

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10
Q

What are the types of mutations

A

Neutral, harmful, beneficial

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11
Q

What is neutral mutation

A

mutation that’s not a result in any selective advantage or disadvantage

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12
Q

What is harmful mutation

A

Reduces the reproductive success of the individual and is therefore selective against; harmful mutations do not accumulate over time

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13
Q

What is beneficial mutations

A

Are favored by natural selection and she really overtime

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14
Q

Define artificial selection

A

Directed reading in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait are chosen as parents of the next generation; artificial selection is used to produce new breeds are varieties of plants and animals

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15
Q

What are the limitations of artificial selection

A

Limited by the genes that are present in the current population

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16
Q

Give guide to artificial selection

A
  1. choose a useful species that can be bred in captivity
  2. breed a large number of the individuals
  3. choose a trait that you wish to favor, such as large size or color
  4. identify individuals that exhibit the favor trait most strongly
  5. breed only those individuals to produce the next generation of individuals
  6. repeat steps four and five over many generations
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17
Q

What was believed a long time ago about species in evolution

A

Everything was unable to change

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18
Q

What was the first theory of evolution

A

All species evolve over time, a species evolved in response to his environment and gets better adapted, and changes are passed from generation to generation

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19
Q

Define fossil

A

Any ancient remains, impressions, or traces of organisms or traces of it activity that have been preserved in rocks or other mineral deposits in the Earths crust

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20
Q

How are fossils formed

A

When the remains of the buried at organism are gradually replaced a mineral deposits. They normally decompose, but effacing to the bottom of the water, sediments quickly coverage in the lack of oxygen prevents the composition. And said it becomes materialized.

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21
Q

What are the two ways organisms can be preserved in

A

Amber and fossil

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22
Q

Define paleontology

A

Scientific investigation of prehistoric life to the study of fossils

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23
Q

Who conducted the first detailed study of fossils

A

Georges curvier

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24
Q

What did George’s discover

A

Fossils a very simple organisms are found the depth of fossil deposits, fossils of more complex organisms are found only in shallower depth or younger rock, fossils in shorter depths are more likely to resemble living species, each layer contains fossils of many species that don’t occur in layers above or below them

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25
Q

Define catastrophism

A

The series of the pattern of fossils could be counted for by a series of global catastrophes that wiped out most species on earth

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26
Q

Who proposed catastrophism

A

curvier, georges

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27
Q

Define uniformitarianism

A

theory that geological changes are slow and gradual and natural laws and processes have not changed over time

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28
Q

WHO PROPOSED uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell

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29
Q

What is Charles Lyell considered the father of

A

modern geology

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30
Q

What are the principles of geology

A

Earth has been changed by the same process in the past that are occurring in the present
Geological change a slow and gradual rather than fasting catastrophic
National laws influence these changes are constant internal, and they operate in the past with the same Tency as they do today

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31
Q

What is the most accepted proposition

A

The principles of geology by Lyell

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32
Q

What are the two models of evolution

A

Darwinian evolution and evolutionary genetics

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33
Q

Define Darwinian evolution

A

Individuals competing to pass on their traits. Only advantages traits persist into the future generations and the traits that survive determine what the species look like and into the future

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34
Q

Define evolutionary genetics

A

You are a collection of jeans has constantly weeding out the bad or disadvantages segment of DNA. At the same time through rare random events is in perfect do unification arises new forms of genes, many bad, if you wear the jeans overall especially peers different than the appearance of the ancestral culmination of genes

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35
Q

What book did Charles Darwin publish

A

The origin of species in 1859

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36
Q

Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

37
Q

Define natural selection

A

The way in which nature favors you reproductive success of some individuals within the population over others

38
Q

What were Darwins first observations

A

In each generation, populations produce more offspring’s that there are adults
Populations to not continue to grow in size
Food and many other reverses are limited

39
Q

What did Darwin’s first conservations lead to inference

A

Individuals of the population compete for resources

40
Q

What word Darlins second observations

A

Individuals within a population is very, but he variations are heritable

41
Q

What did Darwins second observations lead to him inferring

A

Some individuals will inherit characteristics that gives them a better chance of surviving and reproducing

42
Q

Through all his observations and inferences what did his theory lead to

A

Overtime the population of advantageous heritable characteristics become more common generation after generation

43
Q

What phrase was used to describe the process of natural selection

A

Survival of the fittest

44
Q

What does survival of the fittest mean

A

Not necessarily the physical, but the individuals ability to pass its genes to the next generation

45
Q

What is the key to natural selection

A

ability to favor reproductive success

46
Q

Define adaptation

A

A characteristic or feature of a species that makes it well suited for survival or reproductive success in its environment

47
Q

What does natural selection explain

A

How and adoption can arise

48
Q

What can the theory of evolution by means of natural selection be used to make predictions about

A

The future evolution of species

49
Q

What is required in order to be scientific theory

A

The ferry must be falsifiable a.k.a. testable (must be a chance that it can be proven wrong)

50
Q

Define directional selection

A

Selection that favors and increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average

51
Q

What are the 4 types of selection

A

Directional, stabilizing, destructive and sexual

52
Q

Define stabilizing selection

A

Selection against individuals exhibiting traits that deviates from the current population average

53
Q

Define destructive selection

A

Selection that favors two or more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average

54
Q

Define sexual selection

A

Differential reproductive success caused by variation in the ability to obtain me; results and sexual do you Morphis him, and mating and courtship behaviors (aka favoring any trait that specifically enhances the meeting success of an individual)

55
Q

What is female choice selection

A

Females choose a mate based on physical appearance such as bright correlation or behaviors

56
Q

What is mail versus male selection

A

males fight each other to establish control of the territories that is home to females at the can meet with

57
Q

What are the major evidences of evolution (4)

A

Fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology

58
Q

What are the different types of atomical structures

A

Homologous, and analogous, vestigial

59
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Show individual variations in a common atomical a theme. These are seen in organisms that are closely related

60
Q

Define analogous structures

A

They have very different anatomies similar functions. These are seen in organisms that are not necessarily closely related, but live in similar environments and have similar adaptations

61
Q

Find the vestigial structures

A

They are anatomical remnants that were very important in the organism’s ancestors, but are no longer used in the same way

62
Q

What is molecular biology

A

looking at the makeup go organism and determining their differences from others

63
Q

What are the different types of selection

A

Directional, stabilizing, disruptive

64
Q

What is directional selection

A

Selection that favors an increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average

65
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

Selection individuals exhibiting traits that deviates from the current population average

66
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

Selection that favors to buy more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average

67
Q

How is microevolution different than speciation

A

Micro evolution is the changes in allele frequency and phenotypic traits, and speciation is information of an entirely new species

68
Q

What is one way that species are defined

A

Members of a population that van interbreed under natural conditions

69
Q

What is meant by a common gene pool

A

Populations that shared genetic information [or have the ability to share that collective group of genetic info]

70
Q

What conditions must be in place for a new species to form

A

Individuals from the original species most of all or become reproductively isolated from the remainder of the population and they must establish a new interbreed which is the very definition of a species

71
Q

What are reproductive isolating mechanisms in general and how do they lead to speciation

A

Ways to keep individuals from different species apart so that they cannot reproduce. And they are isolated they cannot successfully interbreed which is the very definition of species

72
Q

Define pre-zygotic mechanisms of productive isolation

A

Reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent into species meeting in fertilizing [for example, ecological isolation, temporal isolation and behavioral isolation

73
Q

Define post zygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation

A

Reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproduction

74
Q

Give the different mechanisms in pre-zygotic

A

Behavioral, temporal, ecological, mechanical and gametic isolation

75
Q

Define behavioral isolation

A

Different species whose different courtship and other meeting clues to find and attract a mate

76
Q

Define temporal isolation

A

Different species breed at different times of the year

77
Q

Define ecological isolation

A

Very similar species may occupy different habitats with an region

78
Q

Define mechanical isolation

A

Differences in morphological features may make two species in compatible

79
Q

Give the different mechanisms and post zygotic

A

zygotic motality, hybrid inviability, hybrid and fertility

80
Q

Defines zygotic motality

A

Mating and fertilizing our possible, but genetic differences result is unable to develop properly

81
Q

Define hybrid inviability

A

But you did dies before birth or is or the live cannot survive to maturity

82
Q

Define hybrid infertility

A

Hybrid offspring remain healthy and viable that are sterile

83
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

The formation of the species as a result of evolutionary changes falling a period of geographic isolation

84
Q

Given sample of allopatric speciation

A

The Galapagos cormorants (lost ability to fly)

85
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

The evolution of population with the same geographic area into separate species

86
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

A relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species, feeling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches

87
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

The large-scale evolution group into many different forms

88
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species

89
Q

Define: coevolution

A

A process in which one species evolves in response to evolution of another species

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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