Evolution Flashcards
Why is evolution important
To allow for species to adapt to the environment survive
What is the mechanism that drives evolution
Natural selection
Define natural selection
The way in which nature favors the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others
What must be present in order for nature to be for some individuals other
Genetic diversity
What are mutations a source of
Genetic variation
How do you mutations occur
Substitution, insertion, deletion
What is substitution
the exchange of one base for another in DNA (i.e., switching and A for a G)
What is insertion
when extra base pairs are inserted into a new place
What is deletion
When a section of DNA is lost or deleted
What are the types of mutations
Neutral, harmful, beneficial
What is neutral mutation
mutation that’s not a result in any selective advantage or disadvantage
What is harmful mutation
Reduces the reproductive success of the individual and is therefore selective against; harmful mutations do not accumulate over time
What is beneficial mutations
Are favored by natural selection and she really overtime
Define artificial selection
Directed reading in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait are chosen as parents of the next generation; artificial selection is used to produce new breeds are varieties of plants and animals
What are the limitations of artificial selection
Limited by the genes that are present in the current population
Give guide to artificial selection
- choose a useful species that can be bred in captivity
- breed a large number of the individuals
- choose a trait that you wish to favor, such as large size or color
- identify individuals that exhibit the favor trait most strongly
- breed only those individuals to produce the next generation of individuals
- repeat steps four and five over many generations
What was believed a long time ago about species in evolution
Everything was unable to change
What was the first theory of evolution
All species evolve over time, a species evolved in response to his environment and gets better adapted, and changes are passed from generation to generation
Define fossil
Any ancient remains, impressions, or traces of organisms or traces of it activity that have been preserved in rocks or other mineral deposits in the Earths crust
How are fossils formed
When the remains of the buried at organism are gradually replaced a mineral deposits. They normally decompose, but effacing to the bottom of the water, sediments quickly coverage in the lack of oxygen prevents the composition. And said it becomes materialized.
What are the two ways organisms can be preserved in
Amber and fossil
Define paleontology
Scientific investigation of prehistoric life to the study of fossils
Who conducted the first detailed study of fossils
Georges curvier
What did George’s discover
Fossils a very simple organisms are found the depth of fossil deposits, fossils of more complex organisms are found only in shallower depth or younger rock, fossils in shorter depths are more likely to resemble living species, each layer contains fossils of many species that don’t occur in layers above or below them
Define catastrophism
The series of the pattern of fossils could be counted for by a series of global catastrophes that wiped out most species on earth
Who proposed catastrophism
curvier, georges
Define uniformitarianism
theory that geological changes are slow and gradual and natural laws and processes have not changed over time
WHO PROPOSED uniformitarianism
Charles Lyell
What is Charles Lyell considered the father of
modern geology
What are the principles of geology
Earth has been changed by the same process in the past that are occurring in the present
Geological change a slow and gradual rather than fasting catastrophic
National laws influence these changes are constant internal, and they operate in the past with the same Tency as they do today
What is the most accepted proposition
The principles of geology by Lyell
What are the two models of evolution
Darwinian evolution and evolutionary genetics
Define Darwinian evolution
Individuals competing to pass on their traits. Only advantages traits persist into the future generations and the traits that survive determine what the species look like and into the future
Define evolutionary genetics
You are a collection of jeans has constantly weeding out the bad or disadvantages segment of DNA. At the same time through rare random events is in perfect do unification arises new forms of genes, many bad, if you wear the jeans overall especially peers different than the appearance of the ancestral culmination of genes
What book did Charles Darwin publish
The origin of species in 1859
Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin
Define natural selection
The way in which nature favors you reproductive success of some individuals within the population over others
What were Darwins first observations
In each generation, populations produce more offspring’s that there are adults
Populations to not continue to grow in size
Food and many other reverses are limited
What did Darwin’s first conservations lead to inference
Individuals of the population compete for resources
What word Darlins second observations
Individuals within a population is very, but he variations are heritable
What did Darwins second observations lead to him inferring
Some individuals will inherit characteristics that gives them a better chance of surviving and reproducing
Through all his observations and inferences what did his theory lead to
Overtime the population of advantageous heritable characteristics become more common generation after generation
What phrase was used to describe the process of natural selection
Survival of the fittest
What does survival of the fittest mean
Not necessarily the physical, but the individuals ability to pass its genes to the next generation
What is the key to natural selection
ability to favor reproductive success
Define adaptation
A characteristic or feature of a species that makes it well suited for survival or reproductive success in its environment
What does natural selection explain
How and adoption can arise
What can the theory of evolution by means of natural selection be used to make predictions about
The future evolution of species
What is required in order to be scientific theory
The ferry must be falsifiable a.k.a. testable (must be a chance that it can be proven wrong)
Define directional selection
Selection that favors and increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average
What are the 4 types of selection
Directional, stabilizing, destructive and sexual
Define stabilizing selection
Selection against individuals exhibiting traits that deviates from the current population average
Define destructive selection
Selection that favors two or more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average
Define sexual selection
Differential reproductive success caused by variation in the ability to obtain me; results and sexual do you Morphis him, and mating and courtship behaviors (aka favoring any trait that specifically enhances the meeting success of an individual)
What is female choice selection
Females choose a mate based on physical appearance such as bright correlation or behaviors
What is mail versus male selection
males fight each other to establish control of the territories that is home to females at the can meet with
What are the major evidences of evolution (4)
Fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
What are the different types of atomical structures
Homologous, and analogous, vestigial
Define homologous structures
Show individual variations in a common atomical a theme. These are seen in organisms that are closely related
Define analogous structures
They have very different anatomies similar functions. These are seen in organisms that are not necessarily closely related, but live in similar environments and have similar adaptations
Find the vestigial structures
They are anatomical remnants that were very important in the organism’s ancestors, but are no longer used in the same way
What is molecular biology
looking at the makeup go organism and determining their differences from others
What are the different types of selection
Directional, stabilizing, disruptive
What is directional selection
Selection that favors an increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average
What is stabilizing selection
Selection individuals exhibiting traits that deviates from the current population average
What is disruptive selection
Selection that favors to buy more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average
How is microevolution different than speciation
Micro evolution is the changes in allele frequency and phenotypic traits, and speciation is information of an entirely new species
What is one way that species are defined
Members of a population that van interbreed under natural conditions
What is meant by a common gene pool
Populations that shared genetic information [or have the ability to share that collective group of genetic info]
What conditions must be in place for a new species to form
Individuals from the original species most of all or become reproductively isolated from the remainder of the population and they must establish a new interbreed which is the very definition of a species
What are reproductive isolating mechanisms in general and how do they lead to speciation
Ways to keep individuals from different species apart so that they cannot reproduce. And they are isolated they cannot successfully interbreed which is the very definition of species
Define pre-zygotic mechanisms of productive isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent into species meeting in fertilizing [for example, ecological isolation, temporal isolation and behavioral isolation
Define post zygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproduction
Give the different mechanisms in pre-zygotic
Behavioral, temporal, ecological, mechanical and gametic isolation
Define behavioral isolation
Different species whose different courtship and other meeting clues to find and attract a mate
Define temporal isolation
Different species breed at different times of the year
Define ecological isolation
Very similar species may occupy different habitats with an region
Define mechanical isolation
Differences in morphological features may make two species in compatible
Give the different mechanisms and post zygotic
zygotic motality, hybrid inviability, hybrid and fertility
Defines zygotic motality
Mating and fertilizing our possible, but genetic differences result is unable to develop properly
Define hybrid inviability
But you did dies before birth or is or the live cannot survive to maturity
Define hybrid infertility
Hybrid offspring remain healthy and viable that are sterile
What is allopatric speciation
The formation of the species as a result of evolutionary changes falling a period of geographic isolation
Given sample of allopatric speciation
The Galapagos cormorants (lost ability to fly)
What is sympatric speciation
The evolution of population with the same geographic area into separate species
Define adaptive radiation
A relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species, feeling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches
Define divergent evolution
The large-scale evolution group into many different forms
Define convergent evolution
The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species
Define: coevolution
A process in which one species evolves in response to evolution of another species
