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Grade 11 Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity [biological diversity]

A

The number and variety of species an ecosystem on earth

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2
Q

Give an example of a more bio diverse place then the tundra

A

Rain forest

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3
Q

What is the fundamental unit of biodiversity

A

The species

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4
Q

How is biodiversity often understood as or measured as

A

The number of types of plants, animals and microorganisms

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5
Q

Define species

A

All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions

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6
Q

What are three types of biodiversity

A

Genetic diversity, species diversity, structural diversity

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7
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The genetic variability among organisms, usually referred to individuals of the same species

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8
Q

Define species diversity

A

A measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present, as well as the variety of different species present

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9
Q

Define structural diversity

A

The range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat. Structural diversity is crucial for biodiversity because it creates microhabitat

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10
Q

Is it true that ecosystems is more structural diversity will be more biodiverse

A

yes

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11
Q

Why do humans worry about extinction if there’s so much by diversity out there

A

Species extinction is a natural process. And biologist estimate that a new species will, on average become extinct after approximately 1 million years. human activity is speeding up the rate of extinction

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12
Q

What does EO Wilson estimate

A

That the current extension rate is 1000 times faster

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13
Q

What is threatens by the loss of biodiversity

A

Food supply (when an entire species and plant variety is lost),
natural medicines and potential new medicines,
there is a significant economic impact on tourism and forestry when accompanied by habitat destruction,
it also has potential to cause serious disruptions in biogeochemical (ex. normal carbon uptake by natural ecosystems)

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14
Q

Why must some species be defined based on their morphology rather than reproduction behaviour

A

Because sometimes we do not know enough about the species

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15
Q

Who is considered the father of taxonomy

A

Carl Linnaeus

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16
Q

What naming system did Carl Linnaeus establish

A

Binomial nomenclature

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17
Q

Define binomial nomenclature

A

The pharmacist of naming species where each species inside a genus name followed by specific name: the two words taken together for that species name

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18
Q

What words are capitalized in binomial nomenclature

A

Genus is, species is not

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19
Q

Give the order of the taxonomic ranks of classification

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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20
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Studying or classifying organisms [the sides of classifying living things]

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21
Q

If we go back far enough every living thing is related to every living thing, meaning we all have what

A

A common ancestor

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22
Q

The trick of taxonomy is basically figuring out what

A

Where all the branches of the evolutionary tree in finding convenient labels

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23
Q

What system is used to classify all the organisms on earth

A

The phylogenetic tree

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24
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree

A

It illustrates the evolutionary relationships between all living things [basically the tree of life]

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25
Q

Why did Carl Linnaeus make a new classification system

A

Because he saw that the current one was too confusing

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26
Q

The method of name in cost by organisms at Linnaeus adopted was based on what

A

Morphology

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27
Q

Now that we have new technology and can classify using genetic analysis and structure, we had to stick a new taxa above the Linnaeus’s kingdom. What is the more broad taxa called

A

A domain`

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28
Q

What are the three domains we have

A

Bacteria, Arcadia, eukarya

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29
Q

What are bacteria and Archaea

A

Prokaryotes

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30
Q

What is eukarya

A

It makes up all lifeforms that have a nucleus

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31
Q

What is prokaryote mean

A

They lack a nucleus

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32
Q

Under the domain eukarya, we have four kingdoms. List the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Protista, fungi, plantae, and Animalia

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33
Q

Plants, aka Plantae, are autotrophs meaning they can do what

A

Do photosynthesis

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34
Q

Does the protist kingdom contains both autotroph’s and heterotrophs

A

Yes

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35
Q

What are the three types of protists

A

Plantlike, animallike, and funguslike

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36
Q

What is similar between fungus in plants

A

Fungus have cell walls like plants but instead of being made of cellulose, they’re made of chitin

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37
Q

What is Chitin

A

The same material in the exoskeleton of the beetle

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38
Q

Are fungus heterotrophs are autotroph’s

A

Heterotrophs

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39
Q

Are all animals multicellular

A

Yes

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40
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

Cannot make food for themselves

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41
Q

The key ideas of morphological species concept

A

Focus on the morphology of an organism, the following refers to body size shape and structural features, organisms are compared and side to side rather similar organisms represent different

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42
Q

Give advantages of morphology

A

Simple to use and most widely used by people in general

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43
Q

Give the disadvantages of the morphology species concept

A

Too much variation within a species

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44
Q

Give the key ideas of the biological species concept

A

Focuses on similar characteristics and the ability of organisms to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

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45
Q

Give the advantages of the biological species concept

A

widely used by scientists

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46
Q

Give the disadvantages of the biological species concept

A

Can’t be apply for spaces that reproduce asexually, uncertain the population that are physically and don’t have the opportunity to be together in nature, can’t be applied to fossa speeches was a no longer reproducing

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47
Q

Give a key ideas of the phylogenetic species concept

A

focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms, species is defined as a cluster of organisms that is the stains from other customers and shows a pattern of relationships among organisms

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48
Q

Give the advantages of a phylogenetic species concept

A

Can be applied to things to extinct species, considers info about relationships among organisms learned from DNA analysis

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49
Q

Give the disadvantages of the phylogenetic species concept

A

Evolutionary history’s are not known for all species

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50
Q

How are phylogenies determined

A

through developmental traits [embryology], structural traits [homology) molecular traits [genetics and molecular biology]

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51
Q

What is developmental traits or embryology

A

The showing of similar stages of embryology development

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52
Q

What is structural traits for homology

A

Have similar anatomical all structures, regardless of the function

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53
Q

What is molecular traits or genetics and molecular biology

A

If they are genetically similar, the evolutionary Laois and ship them and species are affected in DNA and protein, Tuesday so have matching jeans and protein sequences would share a common ancestor

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54
Q

What is the international market of life project

A

But hopes to become something that is technology to identify any organism

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55
Q

What is a clade

A

A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. Each played on phylogenetic tree can be thought of as a branch on the tree of life

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56
Q

Why should we care about how species are related through evolution

A

Because of drugs and disease and other children conservation

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57
Q

Describe how drugs are related through evolution

A

It will narrow the search for pharmaceuticals to closely related species that produced valuable proteins and chemicals

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58
Q

How to trace diseases related through evolution

A

You can trace a transmission of because disease spreads more rapidly between species that have common genetics

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59
Q

What are the six different kingdoms

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protista, archaea, eubacteria

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60
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

Any organism whose cells contain organelles; some eukaryotic cells are single celled well other than multicellular

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61
Q

What are the key characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

Have membrane-bound nucleus, more complex internal structure, on average a larger than prokaryotes, referred to as true nucleus

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62
Q

Define prokaryotic cells

A

A single cell organism that does not contain membrane-bound organelle’s

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63
Q

Give characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

Most ancient all type, no membrane-bound yes, her first two before the nucleus

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64
Q

Characteristics of the kingdom prokaryote [bacteria]

A

No membrane-bound material of the cell, call prokaryotes, genetic material found in strand, or plasmids, in cells cytoplasm

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65
Q

Give the characteristics of the kingdom Animalia

A

Develops from embryo resulting from fertilization of an egg, most in jester eat other living or Decatur organic matter as food to live

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66
Q

Given characteristics of the kingdom plantae

A

Multi celled organism that grows from embryos that are usually the result of sexual fusion [there are some exceptions]
Non-motile [entire organism doesn’t move about under own energy) but some produce motile cells
Most plants engage in photosynthesis
generally have rigid cell wall composed of cellulose

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67
Q

Give some characteristics about the Kingdom fungi

A

Not motel cells that have cell walls made of chitin
Develops from spores without the embryonic stage, digest other living things outside of their bodies releasing enzymes and then observing the product

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68
Q

If characteristics about the kingdom Protsita

A

Kingdom that is a place for anything that doesn’t fit into the other kingdoms
Dumbest imposed of micro and macroscopic organisms

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69
Q

The five kingdom model of classification is not universally accepted. Discussed two other ways that scientists disbelieve kingdoms should be divided

A

The three kingdoms, two for bacteria and all eukaryotes into one
Two kingdoms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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70
Q

What are the smallest organisms on earth

A

Prokaryotic cells

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71
Q

About how many bacteria living on it within our body

A

100 trillion

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72
Q

What are the negative effects of prokaryotes

A

Responsible for many diseases, also in fact livestock and crops and therefore threaten our primary food resource

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73
Q

What are the positive effects of prokaryotes

A

It has an important effects on the ecosystem [acts as a decomposer, helps cycle nutrients], bacteria reside in the intestine I have animals and aids and Aygestin in the mutualistic relationship, as used for commercial use, bacteria can produce antibiotics

74
Q

Define antibiotics

A

A substance that can kill or we can micro organisms, natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungi , Where as synthetic antibiotics are manufactured

75
Q

Define mutualism

A

A relationship between two species that live in very close association to try other, whereby each benefits from the association

76
Q

Give the characteristics of bacteria

A

Has a strong cell wall, the chromosome is a single loop of DNA that is found in the region called nucleoid, ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, often have one or more flagella from movement small hairlike structures called pili, in addition to a single chromosome, many bacteria have one or more plasmids in the cytoplasm

77
Q

Define ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

78
Q

Define plasmid

A

A smaller the DNA often found in prokaryotic cells and usually contains a small number of genes. Genes are nonessential for cellular functions often provide some advantage to the cells of just giving the bacteria resistance to antibiotics

79
Q

What protection does bacteria have

A

A cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan, and some bacteria is surrounded by sticky capsule which is an outer layer on some bacteria and provides protection

80
Q

What are the three different bacterial shapes

A

Coccus PLURAL COCCI, bacillus PLURAL BACILLI, spirillum PLURAL SPIRILLI

81
Q

What shape is coccus

A

Round bacterial cell

82
Q

What shape is bacillus

A

Rod shaped

83
Q

What shape is spirillum

A

Spiral shaped

84
Q

What are the three bacterial arrangements

A

Diplo [occurs in pairs], staphylo (occurs in clumps], strepto [occurs and strings]

85
Q

What is pili

A

allows it to be sticky and attach to surfaces

86
Q

What are the six major groups of bacteria

A

proteobacteria (purple bacteria), Green bacteria, cyanobacteria [blue green algae), gram-positive bacteria, Spirochetes, chlamydia’s

87
Q

Define metabolism

A

The process involving a set of chemical reactions that modifies a molecule into another for storage or for immediate use in another reaction or as a byproduct

88
Q

Define autotrophic bacteria

A

They assemble complex carbon molecules from simple inorganic chemicals such as carbon dioxide water and minerals that are part of the abiotic environment

89
Q

Define heterotrophic bacteria

A

They got the nutrients from carbon containing organic chemicals found in other living organisms or` the remains

90
Q

What are the two primary sources of energy for living things

A

Sunlight and chemical energy

91
Q

What are the different types of bacteria [how they survive]

A

Obligate aerobes, faculative aerobes, obligate anaerobes

92
Q

What is the effect of oxygen in the growth of obligate anaerobes

A

Oxygen is not required, can only survive an anaerobic conditions, dies of oxygen is present

93
Q

What is the effect of oxygen on the growth of obligate aerobes

A

Oxygen is required, can only survive of aerobic conditions, dies of oxygen is absent

94
Q

What is the effect of oxygen on growth of faculative aerobes

A

Increase growth in the presence of oxygen, can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Aerobic equals respiration
Anaerobic equals fermentation

95
Q

What happens in a sexual reproduction

A

Single individual is the sole parent, single parent passes on all of its jeans to its offspring, offspring are genetically identical to his parents, results in clones and any deviations are the results of genetic mutations

96
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction

A

Two parents give rise to an offspring, each passes on half of its jeans to the offspring, offspring has a unique combination of genes inherited from both parents, results in greater genetic variation [offspring very genetically siblings and parents]

97
Q

What are the four reproductive strategies of bacteria

A

Binary fission, conjugation, transformation, endospores

98
Q

What is binary fission

A

The division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells [this the type of asexual reproduction

99
Q

Define conjugation

A

A form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information

100
Q

Define transformation

A

Occurs when a cell pick up Elise fragments of DNA from an surroundings and uses it, the CNA may be from other dead cells if you DNA comes from a different species the process is called horizontal gene transfer

101
Q

Define endospores

A

In unfavorable conditions, bacteria can create endospores to ensure their survival. Endospores are dormant structure that forms the side of a certain bacteria around its chromosomes in response to stress. It is a highly highly reviewed resist resistance between damage. Endospores him a stand extreme conditions and remain dormant until conditions improve, often for many years

102
Q

Describe the process of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

A

Some bacteria Nashly have the resistance to the antibiotics, the resistant bacteria more likely to survive and reproduce, back to make a move the population, exposed antibiotics is ineffective because they’re all now antibiotic resistant

103
Q

What is a virus

A

Small, nonliving, infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA for the protein capsule called the capsid

104
Q

Give some characteristics of a virus

A

They have no cytoplasm, cannot reproduce or grow on their own, do not produce energy or create waste and take control so they impact

105
Q

Which has more oxygen DNA or RNA

A

RNA

106
Q

What is the origin of a virus

A

Original and the small infectious cells that overtime lost their cytoplasm in their ability to reproduce outside of a living cell, or originated as escaped fragments of DNA or RNA molecules are part of living cells and they are ancient and existed before cells

107
Q

Define epidemic

A

outbreak confined to a geographical region

108
Q

Define pandemic

A

Spread or global epidemic

109
Q

What are bacteriophages

A

a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reprod

110
Q

What are vaccinations

A

Prevent Tatian’s against viruses. They contain we can forms are parts of a dangerous viruses and one of his injected into the individuals body that trigger a response by the immune system without causing infection and this exposure creates a form of chemical memory that allows the immune system to react quickly if the individual ever comes in contact with the real virus

111
Q

What are the two types of infectious cycles

A

Lysis and lysogeny

112
Q

Define lysis

A

The rupturing of a cell that can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell

113
Q

Explain lysogeny

A

Estate of derma see in which a viral DNA may remain within a host cells chromosomes from many many cell generations

114
Q

Explain the steps of the lytic cycle

A

Virus attacks bacteria Madden Jack’s is DNA into the host, Biro DNA uses host enzyme to make more viral DNA and more coat proteins, nubile components are assembled into 100 or so clones of the original invader, viruses produce light take enzyme that causes host cell to use lyse releasing the virus

115
Q

Explain the steps of the Lysogenic cycle

A

Aspired in a combines and becomes part of the host DNA in a way that is not interfere with the host cell activity. What the host cell copies it’s own DNA, the viral DNA is composed as well. Viral DNA can be copied into this manner to several generations of the house of a production. Once the DNAs Incorporated the viral DNA becomes inactive. I was sometime in the life of the Hosell, perhaps by way of an environmental stimulus, the viral DNA and an infected host cell may become active. To borrow DNA then instructs the Hosell to manufacture new viruses using the lytic cycle

116
Q

What are some benefits of viruses

A

They playing important role in ecosystems as a help control populations and for gene therapy

117
Q

What is a viroid

A

A very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious disease implants. They are smaller than viruses and do not have a capsid

118
Q

What is a prion

A

A.k.a. proteiaceous infectious particles. A abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans. Prions are found in the brain and nervous system of infected animals

119
Q

Why are viruses considered to be nonliving

A

Then a cytoplasm in the metabolism, they do not produce or use energy, they do not grow and they can only are produced by invading another cell

120
Q

Get some key facts on protists

A

Many are parasites [live in or on other organisms] human uses them and sushi, eukaryotic, heterotrophic in autotrophic, reproduce sexually and asexually, live in aquatic and other moist areas

121
Q

The origin of protists

A

There the first eukaryotes, their cells have a nucleus and organelles found membranes.

122
Q

How did the internal membranes likely develop in protists

A

From the folded cell membrane of ancestral prokaryotic cells. This folding would’ve increased the cell surface area, long the cells a better change materials with the buyer meant. Disability is a necessary feature of the large cells

123
Q

How many membranes does matter Condra and chloroplasts each have

A

2

124
Q

Do you present a mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own internal chromosomes AKA DNA

A

Yes

125
Q

How do mitochondrion and chloroplasts reproduce

A

Independently within eukaryotic cells by binary fission, just as prokaryotes do

126
Q

What is Endosymbiosis

A

A relationship in which a single celled organism lives within the cells of another organism

127
Q

Are there any typical protists

A

No

128
Q

do Parasite harm their host

A

Sometimes sometimes not

129
Q

What is a flagellum

A

tail end and that contains the mitochondria DNA and mitochondria

130
Q

Do fungus cells have chloroplasts

A

no

131
Q

Is fungus hetero or autotroph

A

heterotroph

132
Q

Why type of cell does fungi have

A

eukaryotic

133
Q

What is the cell wall of fungus made of

A

chitin

134
Q

Are most sessile and terrestrial

A

yes

135
Q

define sessile

A

stationary

136
Q

What are the ‘positive’ importances of fungi

A

major decomposers
cycles the nutrients
engages in symbiotic relationships with plants; plants rely on fungus to help them obtain nutrients

137
Q

What are the ‘negative’ importance/effects of fungi

A

responsible for some diseases in animals and many serious diseases in plants (economic related to agriculture, eco. tourism, forestry, etc)

138
Q

What are some ‘other’ uses of fungi

A

food- mushrooms, truffles, yeast in bread, beer, wine, blue cheese
medicine- penicillin (antibiotic)

139
Q

What is fungus related to

A

animals more than plants

140
Q

what are the 5 phylums of fungi

A

chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

141
Q

What are the two main types of deuterostomes

A

echinoderms and chordates

142
Q

give the characteristics of echinoderms as embryos

A

free swimming, bilaterally symmetrical, as they grow, they develop radially symmetrical pattern of 5 or more arms

143
Q

give the characteristics of echinoderms as adults

A

complete digestive system, simple circulatory, no respiatory/excretory system, no head region, nervous system circles the mouth and extends into the arms, move using a water filled vascular system

144
Q

Give th characteristics of the chordates

A

vertebrae, bony skeleton (which allowed for development of large body sizes), highly developed brain, sensory systems, A WATERPROOF AMNOTIC EGG THAT HAS SPECIAL MEMBRANES TO MAKE IT RESISTANT TO WATER LOSS. THIS ALLOWED SOME OF THE VERTEBRATES TO CONQOR LAND

145
Q

Why have vertebrates been so successful

A

cranium that surrounds and protects an enlarged brain, advanced sensory capability (eyes, ears, nose) that enable coordinate behaviours and motion, more powerful and agile swimmers that invertebrates, paired appendages which led to bony limbs which provided support for conquering land, protective outer skin, enhanced luncgs and circulatory system, internal fertilization, eggs with outer shells

146
Q

what does having a vertebrate mean

A

dorsal nerve is enclosed within spinal column and cranium, or skull.

147
Q

What is the spinal column divided into

A

vertebrates

148
Q

Are plants producers

A

Yes

149
Q

Is it true that were ever plants are there’s a rich diversity of terrestrial life that will follow

A

True

150
Q

What are some human uses for plants

A

Food, medicine, clothing, wood, paper etc.

151
Q

What are plants thought to have evolved from

A

Chlorophytes

152
Q

What are chlorophytes

A

A group of green algae belonging to the kingdom protista

153
Q

What plants and green algae contain

A

Chlorophyll

154
Q

What are some other similarities between plants and green algae

A

Make cell plate at the end of mitosis before cytokinesis, have cellulose in their cell walls, and store excess food as starch

155
Q

What are key characteristics of plants

A

Multicellular and eukaryotic, perform photosynthesis, sessile, autotrophic, mostly terrestrial [the aquatic plants are mostly freshwater], reproduce sexually and asexually

156
Q

Food sources of animals

A

Other animals or rely on them for pollination of plants

157
Q

What was a common ancestor of all animals likely to be

A

Colonial, flagellated protist

158
Q

What do biologist hypothesize about the ancestor of all animals

A

That is if you’re cool arrangement of cells in the colony may have become indented, forming a hollow cavity. This would’ve helped the organism capture and they just food. The same basic arrangement and indebted process can still be observed in the embryonic development of animals today. Some cells in the colony may have also become specialized for feeding. This double layered arrangement of cells of the lining of specialized digest itself is very similar to that of sponges

159
Q

What is labeled as the simplest of modern animals

A

Sponges

160
Q

Where can the process of inventing of a cell colony so be observed

A

During the embryonic stage

161
Q

What was a key innovation among animals

A

The development of nerve specialized cells

162
Q

What do nervous specialized cells allow for

A

Movement in the ability to sense changes in the environment

163
Q

What animals are thought to be the only ones that do not have the key feature of nerve specialized cells

A

sponges (porifera)

164
Q

What Is a major division among animal phyla

A

Radial symmetry and those with bilateral symmetry

165
Q

Define radial symmetry

A

Symmetry around a central axis

166
Q

Define bilateral symmetry

A

Symmetry around a midline

167
Q

What are animals bilateral symmetry further divided into

A

Two major branches of protosomes and deuterosomes

168
Q

What are protosomes and deuterosomes distinguished by

A

Different patterns embryonic development. Chromosomes develop the mouth before the anus and the deuterostome’s develop the anus before the mouth

169
Q

Define deuterostome

A

An animal with bilateral symmetry; during embryonic development the anus forms before the mouth

170
Q

Define protosomes

A

An animal with bilateral symmetry; during embryonic development the mouth forms the for the anus

171
Q

Define vertebrae

A

An animal with a backbone or notochord

172
Q

Define notochord

A

A flexible rod found in some chordates; and most modern chordate it is replaced by vertebrae during embryonic development

173
Q

Define invertebrae

A

An animal that is not have a backbone; the great majority of animal species are invertebrates

174
Q

Define blastopore

A

An opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development

175
Q

Define coelom

A

A body cavity present and some animals; contains the animals internal organs

176
Q

What are the key characteristics of the animal kingdom

A

Eukaryotic and multicellular, all are heterotrophic, use oxygen for a Rubik respiration, no cell wall, their cell membranes are in direct contact with the Tuther, most reproduce sexually, can be terrestrial or aquatic

177
Q

How many phyla are there in the animal kingdom

A

17

178
Q

How many phyla in the animal kingdom do we focus on

A

10

179
Q

What are germ layers

A

Layers of cells that give rise to specialized tissue

180
Q

What are the three layers called of the germ layer

A

Ectoderm (outer layer), endoderm (inner layer), mesoderm (middle layer)

181
Q

Where is the column located

A

between mesoderm and endoderm

182
Q

List the 10 main animal kingdoms

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, platyhelminthes, rotifera, mollusca, annelida, nematoda, anthropoda, echinodermata, chordata

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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