Biodiversity Flashcards
What is biodiversity [biological diversity]
The number and variety of species an ecosystem on earth
Give an example of a more bio diverse place then the tundra
Rain forest
What is the fundamental unit of biodiversity
The species
How is biodiversity often understood as or measured as
The number of types of plants, animals and microorganisms
Define species
All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions
What are three types of biodiversity
Genetic diversity, species diversity, structural diversity
Define genetic diversity
The genetic variability among organisms, usually referred to individuals of the same species
Define species diversity
A measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present, as well as the variety of different species present
Define structural diversity
The range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat. Structural diversity is crucial for biodiversity because it creates microhabitat
Is it true that ecosystems is more structural diversity will be more biodiverse
yes
Why do humans worry about extinction if there’s so much by diversity out there
Species extinction is a natural process. And biologist estimate that a new species will, on average become extinct after approximately 1 million years. human activity is speeding up the rate of extinction
What does EO Wilson estimate
That the current extension rate is 1000 times faster
What is threatens by the loss of biodiversity
Food supply (when an entire species and plant variety is lost),
natural medicines and potential new medicines,
there is a significant economic impact on tourism and forestry when accompanied by habitat destruction,
it also has potential to cause serious disruptions in biogeochemical (ex. normal carbon uptake by natural ecosystems)
Why must some species be defined based on their morphology rather than reproduction behaviour
Because sometimes we do not know enough about the species
Who is considered the father of taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus
What naming system did Carl Linnaeus establish
Binomial nomenclature
Define binomial nomenclature
The pharmacist of naming species where each species inside a genus name followed by specific name: the two words taken together for that species name
What words are capitalized in binomial nomenclature
Genus is, species is not
Give the order of the taxonomic ranks of classification
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is taxonomy
Studying or classifying organisms [the sides of classifying living things]
If we go back far enough every living thing is related to every living thing, meaning we all have what
A common ancestor
The trick of taxonomy is basically figuring out what
Where all the branches of the evolutionary tree in finding convenient labels
What system is used to classify all the organisms on earth
The phylogenetic tree
What is a phylogenetic tree
It illustrates the evolutionary relationships between all living things [basically the tree of life]
Why did Carl Linnaeus make a new classification system
Because he saw that the current one was too confusing
The method of name in cost by organisms at Linnaeus adopted was based on what
Morphology
Now that we have new technology and can classify using genetic analysis and structure, we had to stick a new taxa above the Linnaeus’s kingdom. What is the more broad taxa called
A domain`
What are the three domains we have
Bacteria, Arcadia, eukarya
What are bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotes
What is eukarya
It makes up all lifeforms that have a nucleus
What is prokaryote mean
They lack a nucleus
Under the domain eukarya, we have four kingdoms. List the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms
Protista, fungi, plantae, and Animalia
Plants, aka Plantae, are autotrophs meaning they can do what
Do photosynthesis
Does the protist kingdom contains both autotroph’s and heterotrophs
Yes
What are the three types of protists
Plantlike, animallike, and funguslike
What is similar between fungus in plants
Fungus have cell walls like plants but instead of being made of cellulose, they’re made of chitin
What is Chitin
The same material in the exoskeleton of the beetle
Are fungus heterotrophs are autotroph’s
Heterotrophs
Are all animals multicellular
Yes
Define heterotrophic
Cannot make food for themselves
The key ideas of morphological species concept
Focus on the morphology of an organism, the following refers to body size shape and structural features, organisms are compared and side to side rather similar organisms represent different
Give advantages of morphology
Simple to use and most widely used by people in general
Give the disadvantages of the morphology species concept
Too much variation within a species
Give the key ideas of the biological species concept
Focuses on similar characteristics and the ability of organisms to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
Give the advantages of the biological species concept
widely used by scientists
Give the disadvantages of the biological species concept
Can’t be apply for spaces that reproduce asexually, uncertain the population that are physically and don’t have the opportunity to be together in nature, can’t be applied to fossa speeches was a no longer reproducing
Give a key ideas of the phylogenetic species concept
focuses on evolutionary relationships among organisms, species is defined as a cluster of organisms that is the stains from other customers and shows a pattern of relationships among organisms
Give the advantages of a phylogenetic species concept
Can be applied to things to extinct species, considers info about relationships among organisms learned from DNA analysis
Give the disadvantages of the phylogenetic species concept
Evolutionary history’s are not known for all species
How are phylogenies determined
through developmental traits [embryology], structural traits [homology) molecular traits [genetics and molecular biology]
What is developmental traits or embryology
The showing of similar stages of embryology development
What is structural traits for homology
Have similar anatomical all structures, regardless of the function
What is molecular traits or genetics and molecular biology
If they are genetically similar, the evolutionary Laois and ship them and species are affected in DNA and protein, Tuesday so have matching jeans and protein sequences would share a common ancestor
What is the international market of life project
But hopes to become something that is technology to identify any organism
What is a clade
A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. Each played on phylogenetic tree can be thought of as a branch on the tree of life
Why should we care about how species are related through evolution
Because of drugs and disease and other children conservation
Describe how drugs are related through evolution
It will narrow the search for pharmaceuticals to closely related species that produced valuable proteins and chemicals
How to trace diseases related through evolution
You can trace a transmission of because disease spreads more rapidly between species that have common genetics
What are the six different kingdoms
Animals, plants, fungi, protista, archaea, eubacteria
Define eukaryotes
Any organism whose cells contain organelles; some eukaryotic cells are single celled well other than multicellular
What are the key characteristics of eukaryotic cells
Have membrane-bound nucleus, more complex internal structure, on average a larger than prokaryotes, referred to as true nucleus
Define prokaryotic cells
A single cell organism that does not contain membrane-bound organelle’s
Give characteristics of prokaryotic cells
Most ancient all type, no membrane-bound yes, her first two before the nucleus
Characteristics of the kingdom prokaryote [bacteria]
No membrane-bound material of the cell, call prokaryotes, genetic material found in strand, or plasmids, in cells cytoplasm
Give the characteristics of the kingdom Animalia
Develops from embryo resulting from fertilization of an egg, most in jester eat other living or Decatur organic matter as food to live
Given characteristics of the kingdom plantae
Multi celled organism that grows from embryos that are usually the result of sexual fusion [there are some exceptions]
Non-motile [entire organism doesn’t move about under own energy) but some produce motile cells
Most plants engage in photosynthesis
generally have rigid cell wall composed of cellulose
Give some characteristics about the Kingdom fungi
Not motel cells that have cell walls made of chitin
Develops from spores without the embryonic stage, digest other living things outside of their bodies releasing enzymes and then observing the product
If characteristics about the kingdom Protsita
Kingdom that is a place for anything that doesn’t fit into the other kingdoms
Dumbest imposed of micro and macroscopic organisms
The five kingdom model of classification is not universally accepted. Discussed two other ways that scientists disbelieve kingdoms should be divided
The three kingdoms, two for bacteria and all eukaryotes into one
Two kingdoms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What are the smallest organisms on earth
Prokaryotic cells
About how many bacteria living on it within our body
100 trillion
What are the negative effects of prokaryotes
Responsible for many diseases, also in fact livestock and crops and therefore threaten our primary food resource
What are the positive effects of prokaryotes
It has an important effects on the ecosystem [acts as a decomposer, helps cycle nutrients], bacteria reside in the intestine I have animals and aids and Aygestin in the mutualistic relationship, as used for commercial use, bacteria can produce antibiotics
Define antibiotics
A substance that can kill or we can micro organisms, natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungi , Where as synthetic antibiotics are manufactured
Define mutualism
A relationship between two species that live in very close association to try other, whereby each benefits from the association
Give the characteristics of bacteria
Has a strong cell wall, the chromosome is a single loop of DNA that is found in the region called nucleoid, ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, often have one or more flagella from movement small hairlike structures called pili, in addition to a single chromosome, many bacteria have one or more plasmids in the cytoplasm
Define ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Define plasmid
A smaller the DNA often found in prokaryotic cells and usually contains a small number of genes. Genes are nonessential for cellular functions often provide some advantage to the cells of just giving the bacteria resistance to antibiotics
What protection does bacteria have
A cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan, and some bacteria is surrounded by sticky capsule which is an outer layer on some bacteria and provides protection
What are the three different bacterial shapes
Coccus PLURAL COCCI, bacillus PLURAL BACILLI, spirillum PLURAL SPIRILLI
What shape is coccus
Round bacterial cell
What shape is bacillus
Rod shaped
What shape is spirillum
Spiral shaped
What are the three bacterial arrangements
Diplo [occurs in pairs], staphylo (occurs in clumps], strepto [occurs and strings]
What is pili
allows it to be sticky and attach to surfaces
What are the six major groups of bacteria
proteobacteria (purple bacteria), Green bacteria, cyanobacteria [blue green algae), gram-positive bacteria, Spirochetes, chlamydia’s
Define metabolism
The process involving a set of chemical reactions that modifies a molecule into another for storage or for immediate use in another reaction or as a byproduct
Define autotrophic bacteria
They assemble complex carbon molecules from simple inorganic chemicals such as carbon dioxide water and minerals that are part of the abiotic environment
Define heterotrophic bacteria
They got the nutrients from carbon containing organic chemicals found in other living organisms or` the remains
What are the two primary sources of energy for living things
Sunlight and chemical energy
What are the different types of bacteria [how they survive]
Obligate aerobes, faculative aerobes, obligate anaerobes
What is the effect of oxygen in the growth of obligate anaerobes
Oxygen is not required, can only survive an anaerobic conditions, dies of oxygen is present
What is the effect of oxygen on the growth of obligate aerobes
Oxygen is required, can only survive of aerobic conditions, dies of oxygen is absent
What is the effect of oxygen on growth of faculative aerobes
Increase growth in the presence of oxygen, can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Aerobic equals respiration
Anaerobic equals fermentation
What happens in a sexual reproduction
Single individual is the sole parent, single parent passes on all of its jeans to its offspring, offspring are genetically identical to his parents, results in clones and any deviations are the results of genetic mutations
What happens in sexual reproduction
Two parents give rise to an offspring, each passes on half of its jeans to the offspring, offspring has a unique combination of genes inherited from both parents, results in greater genetic variation [offspring very genetically siblings and parents]
What are the four reproductive strategies of bacteria
Binary fission, conjugation, transformation, endospores
What is binary fission
The division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells [this the type of asexual reproduction
Define conjugation
A form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information
Define transformation
Occurs when a cell pick up Elise fragments of DNA from an surroundings and uses it, the CNA may be from other dead cells if you DNA comes from a different species the process is called horizontal gene transfer
Define endospores
In unfavorable conditions, bacteria can create endospores to ensure their survival. Endospores are dormant structure that forms the side of a certain bacteria around its chromosomes in response to stress. It is a highly highly reviewed resist resistance between damage. Endospores him a stand extreme conditions and remain dormant until conditions improve, often for many years
Describe the process of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
Some bacteria Nashly have the resistance to the antibiotics, the resistant bacteria more likely to survive and reproduce, back to make a move the population, exposed antibiotics is ineffective because they’re all now antibiotic resistant
What is a virus
Small, nonliving, infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA for the protein capsule called the capsid
Give some characteristics of a virus
They have no cytoplasm, cannot reproduce or grow on their own, do not produce energy or create waste and take control so they impact
Which has more oxygen DNA or RNA
RNA
What is the origin of a virus
Original and the small infectious cells that overtime lost their cytoplasm in their ability to reproduce outside of a living cell, or originated as escaped fragments of DNA or RNA molecules are part of living cells and they are ancient and existed before cells
Define epidemic
outbreak confined to a geographical region
Define pandemic
Spread or global epidemic
What are bacteriophages
a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reprod
What are vaccinations
Prevent Tatian’s against viruses. They contain we can forms are parts of a dangerous viruses and one of his injected into the individuals body that trigger a response by the immune system without causing infection and this exposure creates a form of chemical memory that allows the immune system to react quickly if the individual ever comes in contact with the real virus
What are the two types of infectious cycles
Lysis and lysogeny
Define lysis
The rupturing of a cell that can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell
Explain lysogeny
Estate of derma see in which a viral DNA may remain within a host cells chromosomes from many many cell generations
Explain the steps of the lytic cycle
Virus attacks bacteria Madden Jack’s is DNA into the host, Biro DNA uses host enzyme to make more viral DNA and more coat proteins, nubile components are assembled into 100 or so clones of the original invader, viruses produce light take enzyme that causes host cell to use lyse releasing the virus
Explain the steps of the Lysogenic cycle
Aspired in a combines and becomes part of the host DNA in a way that is not interfere with the host cell activity. What the host cell copies it’s own DNA, the viral DNA is composed as well. Viral DNA can be copied into this manner to several generations of the house of a production. Once the DNAs Incorporated the viral DNA becomes inactive. I was sometime in the life of the Hosell, perhaps by way of an environmental stimulus, the viral DNA and an infected host cell may become active. To borrow DNA then instructs the Hosell to manufacture new viruses using the lytic cycle
What are some benefits of viruses
They playing important role in ecosystems as a help control populations and for gene therapy
What is a viroid
A very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious disease implants. They are smaller than viruses and do not have a capsid
What is a prion
A.k.a. proteiaceous infectious particles. A abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans. Prions are found in the brain and nervous system of infected animals
Why are viruses considered to be nonliving
Then a cytoplasm in the metabolism, they do not produce or use energy, they do not grow and they can only are produced by invading another cell
Get some key facts on protists
Many are parasites [live in or on other organisms] human uses them and sushi, eukaryotic, heterotrophic in autotrophic, reproduce sexually and asexually, live in aquatic and other moist areas
The origin of protists
There the first eukaryotes, their cells have a nucleus and organelles found membranes.
How did the internal membranes likely develop in protists
From the folded cell membrane of ancestral prokaryotic cells. This folding would’ve increased the cell surface area, long the cells a better change materials with the buyer meant. Disability is a necessary feature of the large cells
How many membranes does matter Condra and chloroplasts each have
2
Do you present a mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own internal chromosomes AKA DNA
Yes
How do mitochondrion and chloroplasts reproduce
Independently within eukaryotic cells by binary fission, just as prokaryotes do
What is Endosymbiosis
A relationship in which a single celled organism lives within the cells of another organism
Are there any typical protists
No
do Parasite harm their host
Sometimes sometimes not
What is a flagellum
tail end and that contains the mitochondria DNA and mitochondria
Do fungus cells have chloroplasts
no
Is fungus hetero or autotroph
heterotroph
Why type of cell does fungi have
eukaryotic
What is the cell wall of fungus made of
chitin
Are most sessile and terrestrial
yes
define sessile
stationary
What are the ‘positive’ importances of fungi
major decomposers
cycles the nutrients
engages in symbiotic relationships with plants; plants rely on fungus to help them obtain nutrients
What are the ‘negative’ importance/effects of fungi
responsible for some diseases in animals and many serious diseases in plants (economic related to agriculture, eco. tourism, forestry, etc)
What are some ‘other’ uses of fungi
food- mushrooms, truffles, yeast in bread, beer, wine, blue cheese
medicine- penicillin (antibiotic)
What is fungus related to
animals more than plants
what are the 5 phylums of fungi
chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota
What are the two main types of deuterostomes
echinoderms and chordates
give the characteristics of echinoderms as embryos
free swimming, bilaterally symmetrical, as they grow, they develop radially symmetrical pattern of 5 or more arms
give the characteristics of echinoderms as adults
complete digestive system, simple circulatory, no respiatory/excretory system, no head region, nervous system circles the mouth and extends into the arms, move using a water filled vascular system
Give th characteristics of the chordates
vertebrae, bony skeleton (which allowed for development of large body sizes), highly developed brain, sensory systems, A WATERPROOF AMNOTIC EGG THAT HAS SPECIAL MEMBRANES TO MAKE IT RESISTANT TO WATER LOSS. THIS ALLOWED SOME OF THE VERTEBRATES TO CONQOR LAND
Why have vertebrates been so successful
cranium that surrounds and protects an enlarged brain, advanced sensory capability (eyes, ears, nose) that enable coordinate behaviours and motion, more powerful and agile swimmers that invertebrates, paired appendages which led to bony limbs which provided support for conquering land, protective outer skin, enhanced luncgs and circulatory system, internal fertilization, eggs with outer shells
what does having a vertebrate mean
dorsal nerve is enclosed within spinal column and cranium, or skull.
What is the spinal column divided into
vertebrates
Are plants producers
Yes
Is it true that were ever plants are there’s a rich diversity of terrestrial life that will follow
True
What are some human uses for plants
Food, medicine, clothing, wood, paper etc.
What are plants thought to have evolved from
Chlorophytes
What are chlorophytes
A group of green algae belonging to the kingdom protista
What plants and green algae contain
Chlorophyll
What are some other similarities between plants and green algae
Make cell plate at the end of mitosis before cytokinesis, have cellulose in their cell walls, and store excess food as starch
What are key characteristics of plants
Multicellular and eukaryotic, perform photosynthesis, sessile, autotrophic, mostly terrestrial [the aquatic plants are mostly freshwater], reproduce sexually and asexually
Food sources of animals
Other animals or rely on them for pollination of plants
What was a common ancestor of all animals likely to be
Colonial, flagellated protist
What do biologist hypothesize about the ancestor of all animals
That is if you’re cool arrangement of cells in the colony may have become indented, forming a hollow cavity. This would’ve helped the organism capture and they just food. The same basic arrangement and indebted process can still be observed in the embryonic development of animals today. Some cells in the colony may have also become specialized for feeding. This double layered arrangement of cells of the lining of specialized digest itself is very similar to that of sponges
What is labeled as the simplest of modern animals
Sponges
Where can the process of inventing of a cell colony so be observed
During the embryonic stage
What was a key innovation among animals
The development of nerve specialized cells
What do nervous specialized cells allow for
Movement in the ability to sense changes in the environment
What animals are thought to be the only ones that do not have the key feature of nerve specialized cells
sponges (porifera)
What Is a major division among animal phyla
Radial symmetry and those with bilateral symmetry
Define radial symmetry
Symmetry around a central axis
Define bilateral symmetry
Symmetry around a midline
What are animals bilateral symmetry further divided into
Two major branches of protosomes and deuterosomes
What are protosomes and deuterosomes distinguished by
Different patterns embryonic development. Chromosomes develop the mouth before the anus and the deuterostome’s develop the anus before the mouth
Define deuterostome
An animal with bilateral symmetry; during embryonic development the anus forms before the mouth
Define protosomes
An animal with bilateral symmetry; during embryonic development the mouth forms the for the anus
Define vertebrae
An animal with a backbone or notochord
Define notochord
A flexible rod found in some chordates; and most modern chordate it is replaced by vertebrae during embryonic development
Define invertebrae
An animal that is not have a backbone; the great majority of animal species are invertebrates
Define blastopore
An opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development
Define coelom
A body cavity present and some animals; contains the animals internal organs
What are the key characteristics of the animal kingdom
Eukaryotic and multicellular, all are heterotrophic, use oxygen for a Rubik respiration, no cell wall, their cell membranes are in direct contact with the Tuther, most reproduce sexually, can be terrestrial or aquatic
How many phyla are there in the animal kingdom
17
How many phyla in the animal kingdom do we focus on
10
What are germ layers
Layers of cells that give rise to specialized tissue
What are the three layers called of the germ layer
Ectoderm (outer layer), endoderm (inner layer), mesoderm (middle layer)
Where is the column located
between mesoderm and endoderm
List the 10 main animal kingdoms
Porifera, Cnidaria, platyhelminthes, rotifera, mollusca, annelida, nematoda, anthropoda, echinodermata, chordata
