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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two methods of cell division

A

Mitosis & meiosis

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2
Q

What cells does Mitosis occur

A

All cells apart from gametes (sex cells)

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3
Q

Why does mitosis occur ( 2 )

A

1/ growth

2/ replace cells

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4
Q

what is the first step of mitosis

A

The genetic material copies itself

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5
Q

What is the second step

A

The genetic material separates and starts to form another nucleus

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6
Q

what is the third step

A

The nuclei fully separate to form two nuclei

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7
Q

The daughter cells have the ….. chromosomes

A

same ( 46 per cell )

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8
Q

where does meiosis happen in females

A

ovaries

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9
Q

where does meiosis happen in males

A

testes

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10
Q

How many new cells does one meiosis process produce

A

4

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11
Q

how many chromosomes does a double set have

A

46

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12
Q

How many sets and chromosomes do cells produced in meiosis have

A

1 set (23 cells per cell)

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13
Q

what is the first step of meiosis

A

genetic material copies itself

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14
Q

what is the second step

A

cells divide into 2 cells with double sets each

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15
Q

what is the third step

A

cells divide into 4 cells, each with a single set

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16
Q

what is it called when and egg cells meet

A

zygote

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17
Q

What are stem cells from embryos called

A

embryonic stem cells

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18
Q

What 4 things could be cured with stem cell research

A

1/ Parkinson’s disease
2/ spinal cord injuries
3/ new organs
4/ type 1 diabetes

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19
Q

What are the social standpoints on stem cell research ( 3 )

A

1/ save lives
2/ cure diseases
3/ save costs

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20
Q

What are the ethical standpoints on stem cells

A

1/ killing humans?

2/ no right to interfere (religious views)

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21
Q

Every human cell has how many chromosomes

A

46

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22
Q

Chromosomes are made from

A

DNA

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23
Q

DNA is in which shape

A

Double helix

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24
Q

the sections of DNA are called

A

Genes

25
Q

Genes control:

A

Features

26
Q

If you have an x and y chromosome you are a

A

male

27
Q

if you have an x and an x chromosomes you are a

A

female

28
Q

Fathers pass on which sex chromosomes

A

x and y

29
Q

Mothers pass on which sex chromosomes

A

x and x

30
Q

What is the possibility a baby is a male

A

50%

31
Q

what is the definition of a gene

A

short section of DNA that codes for a protein

32
Q

what are the 4 bases in DNA

A

A C G T

33
Q

How are genes programmed

A

ordering the bases

34
Q

What type of bases are on the other side

A

The complimentary bases

35
Q

How many bases code for 1 type of amino acid

A

3

36
Q

what are proteins made from

A

amino acids

37
Q

What could DNA fingerprinting be used for ( 2 )

A

1/ Paternity & Maternity

2/ Criminal identification

38
Q

What is an allele

A

One version of a gene

39
Q

What is polydactlyly

A

Extra toes and/or fingers

40
Q

Polydactlyly is what kind of genetic disorder

A

dominant

41
Q

Cystic fibrosis affects what part of the cells

A

membranes

42
Q

What does it affecting membranes cause

A

thick, sticky, mucus

43
Q

What are the macroscopic effects of cystic fibrosis

A

1/ Affects pancreas and therefore digestion

2/ Affects lungs and lining of the airways and therefore can stop oxygen getting oxygen getting in the blood

44
Q

Cystic fibrosis is what kind of genetic disorder

A

recessive

45
Q

What is meant by ‘genotype’

A

The combination of alleles for a characteristic

46
Q

What is meant by ‘phenotype’

A

The feature or characteristic that is expressed

47
Q

What is meant by heterozygous

A

Two different alleles

48
Q

What is mean by homozygous

A

Two same alleles

49
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants

A

They grew easily and fast

50
Q

What was Gregor’s first experiment

A

Mixed 2 purebred plants: one tall and one short

51
Q

What was the result of Gregor’s first experiment

A

All the plants were tall

52
Q

Why was the first result unusual

A

Scientists at the time thought the plants produced would be somewhere in the middle

53
Q

What was his second experiment

A

Mixing two of the f1 generation plants

54
Q

What was the result of the second experiment

A

Mostly tall but a few short plants, none in the short (ratio of 3:1)

55
Q

What conclusion was drawn from the experiments ( 2 )

A

1/ The plants passed on inheritance factors

2/ One plant passed on one feature and the other plant, another

56
Q

Why wasn’t Mendel’s work recognised at the time ( 3 )

A

1/ He wasn’t a scientist, he was a monk
2/ His work was not published widely
3/ Genes had not been discovered

57
Q

What are the social issues of embryo screening ( 3 )

A

1/ Save lives
2/ Eradicate disease
3/ Increase quality of life

58
Q

What are the ethical issues of embryo screening ( 3 )

A

1/ Killing humans?
2/ No right to interfere
3/ designer babies

59
Q

What are the economical issues ( 3 )

A

1/ Save costs
2/ Medical treatment
3/ Drugs

Science (12 decks)

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