Atoms and radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

mass of a proton

A

1

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2
Q

mass of a neutron

A

1

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3
Q

mass of an electron

A

very small, practically 0

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4
Q

What is radiation

A

Anything coming from the nucleus

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5
Q

What are the 3 forms of radiation

A

Alpha, Beta and Gamma

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6
Q

How is radiation measured

A

Geiger counter

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7
Q

What was found from the Rutherford experiment

A

1/ Most of the atom is empty space
2/ There is a positive center to the atom
3/ The positive center is very dense

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8
Q

How do they know most of the atom is empty space

A

Most alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil

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9
Q

How do they know There is a positive center to the atom

A

Some alpha particles passed through but were deflected by varying amounts

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10
Q

How do they know That the positive center is very dense

A

Very few came straight back

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11
Q

What are two examples of radioactive elements

A

Uranium & Plutonium

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12
Q

Alpha radiation is composed of what

A

a helium nucleus

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13
Q

What is beta radiation

A

Electron fired from the nucleus

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14
Q

What is gamma radiation

A

Electromagnetic wave

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15
Q

What is the range of an alpha particle

A

Few cms

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16
Q

What is the range of a beta particle

A

About a metre

17
Q

What is the range of gamma radiation

A

Potentially unlimited

18
Q

What is alpha radiation absorbed/stopped by

A

Paper / Skin

19
Q

What is beta radiation stopped by

A

few mm of aluminum

20
Q

What is gamma radiation stopped by

A

Few cms of lead / few feet of concrete

21
Q

State the order of deflection in a magnetic field, first being most deflected

A

1/ Beta
2/ Alpha
3/ Gamma

22
Q

In beta decay what happens to one neutron

A

One neutron is converted into a proton

23
Q

When noting beta radiation, what is wrote where the proton number is

A

The charge (which in an electron is -1)

24
Q

What measurement can you make in radioactive substances

A

The amount of time it takes for the number of radioactive nuclei to go down by a half (half life)

25
Q

What measurement cant you make in radioactive substances

A

Which nuclei will be emitted next

26
Q

What is the most ionising radiation

A

Alpha

27
Q

How does alpha ionise

A

They knock electrons away to make the atom positive

28
Q

Why is beta radiation less powerful at ionising than alpha radiation

A

Because beta radiation is much much smaller, and therefore less likely to hit

29
Q

Why is beta radiation more likely to ionise atoms

A

Have a much further range and therefore chances are increased

30
Q

Why is gamma the least likely

A

Because its simply an energy wave

31
Q

Why arent alpha radiation particles a problem outside the body

A

They cannot get it

32
Q

Why are alpha particles dangerous inside the body

A

They have lots of ionising power

33
Q

What are the uses of gamma radiation ( 3 )

A

1/ Sterilisation
2/ Kill cancer cells (radiotherapy)
3/ Tracers

34
Q

What are the uses of alpha radiation ( 2 )

A

1/ Controlling paper thickness

2/ Smoke alarms

35
Q

What are the uses of beta radiation ( 1 )

A

1/ Controlling foil thickness

36
Q

What are the uses of general radiation ( 1 )

A

Radioactive dating

37
Q

How is it made sure paper is the correct thickness

A

Firing alpha particles at the paper

38
Q

How do we know paper is the correct thickness

A

A few particles get through

39
Q

Why is it important tracers have short lives

A

Because we want it in the body for as short as possible