Genetics 2

Question 1

Genetic Effects of Duplication

Answer 1

a. unequal crossing over
b. production of distinct phenotypes

Question 2

types of mutation

Answer 2

change in chromosome structure
change in chromosome number
gene mutation

Question 3

involves a rotation of a part of a chromosome or a set of genes by 180degrees on its own axis

Answer 3

Inversion

Question 4

terminal section of chromosome is absent; involves only 1 break on the chromosome

Answer 4

terminal deletion

Question 5

the centromere is included in the inversion

Answer 5

pericentric inversion

Question 6

Change in Chromosome Structure
Occurs in two mechanisms:

Answer 6

a. breakage and re-joining
b. crossing-over between segments of repetitive DNA.

Question 7

Gene Mutations based on Molecular Change

Answer 7

-Microlesions
-Frameshift mutations

Question 8

Types of translocation

Answer 8

-Reciprocal translocation
-Non-reciprocal translocation
-Shift or intercalary translocation

Question 9

mutation that affect only the individual that carries them.

Answer 9

Somatic mutations

Question 10

loss of a chromosome segment

Answer 10

Deficiencies or deletions

Question 11

DNA sequences that appear to be highly susceptible to mutation

Answer 11

mutation hot spots

Question 12

Types of Chromosomal Aberrations

Answer 12

1. Deficiencies or deletions
2. Duplication or repeats
3. Inversion
   d. Translocation

Question 13

intermediate section of chromosome is lost; involves 2 breaks, one on each end of the deleted region.

Answer 13

Interstitial or intercalary deletion

Question 14

base-pair substitution or point mutations

Answer 14

Microlesions

Question 15

caused by deletion or insertion of 1 or more
nucleotides into the original DNA sequence

Answer 15

Frameshift mutations

Question 16

type of inversion wherein the centromere is not included in the inversion

Answer 16

paracentric inversion

Question 17

The piece of chromosome detaches from one chromosome and moves to a new position on another chromosome

Answer 17

Translocation

Question 18

Types of deficiencies or deletions

Answer 18

terminal deletion
Interstitial or intercalary deletion

Question 19

gain of a chromosome segment

Answer 19

Duplication or repeats

Question 20

a chromosome mutation that causes individuals to have an abnormal number of chromosomes

Answer 20

Aneuploidy

Question 21

Common types of aneuploidy

Answer 21

-monosomy
-trisonomy

Question 22

are formed from the union of a diploid gamete and a haploid gamete

Answer 22

TRIPLOIDS

Question 23

Types of Mutation according to origin

Answer 23

-Spontaneous mutations
-Induced mutations

Question 24

a chromosome mutation that results in individuals with more than one haploid set of chromosomes in a cell

Answer 24

POLYPLOIDY

Question 25

Types of Mutation based on Location

Answer 25

Somatic mutations
Germline (germinal)

Question 26

Types of duplications or repeats

Answer 26

-Tandem/repeat duplication-
-Reverse tandem duplication
-Displaced tandem duplication
-transposition

Question 27

refers to any change in DNA sequence

Answer 27

Mutation

Question 28

common causes of gene mutation

Answer 28

-environmental factors
-mitotic/meiotic errors

Question 29

Types of inversion

Answer 29

-paracentric inversion
-pericentric inversion

Question 30

are formed from the union of 2 diploid gametes

Answer 30

TETRAPLOIDS

Question 31

Advantages of inversions

Answer 31

The fertility of inversion homozygotes and sterility of inversion heterozygotes lead to the establishment of two groups (or varieties) that are mutually fertile but do not breed well with the rest of the species.

Question 32

Variations in Chromosome Morphology

Answer 32

Isochromosomes
Ring Chromosomes
Robertsonian translocation

Question 33

mutations occur in cells that produce the next generation and affect the hereditary material.

Answer 33

Germline (germinal)