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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates (3) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (3) Flashcards

1
Q

stereoisomers that are mirror images of
each other

A

enantiomers

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2
Q

pairs of isomers that have opposite configurations at one or more chiral centers but are NOT mirror images

A

diastereomers

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3
Q

Two sugars that differ in configuration at only one chiral center

A

epimers

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4
Q

–most abundant hexose

A

D- glucose

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5
Q

the building block of the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose, and polysaccharides such as amylose, cellulose, and glycogen.

A

D- glucose

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6
Q

obtained as a hydrolysis product of the disaccharide lactose

A

D – galactose

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7
Q

prevalent monosaccharide in the cellular membranes of the brain and nervous system, “brain sugar”

A

D – galactose

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8
Q

sweetest of all carbohydrates

A

D – fructose

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9
Q

obtained as a hydrolysis product of the disaccharide sucrose.

A

D – fructose

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10
Q
  • obtained from the hydrolysis of starch.
  • the two glucose units are linked by an α – 1,4 – glycosidic bond.
  • a reducing sugar because mutarotation occurs at the anomeric carbon to give an aldehyde group.
    (ALPHA - D glucopyranosyl-(1->4)ALPHA - D - glucopyranose)
A

Maltose

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11
Q

– milk sugar
- consist of a β–1,4–glycosidic bond between β–D–galactose and β–D–glucose
- also a reducing sugar
(BETA-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)BETA-D-glucopyranose)

A

Lactose

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12
Q
  • table sugar
  • consists of an α,β–1,2–glycosidic bond between C-1 of α-D–glucose and C-2 of
    β–D–fructose
  • not a reducing sugar
    (ALPHA - D glucopyranosyl-BETA - D - fructofuranoside)
A

Sucrose

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13
Q

– obtained by partial hydrolysis of cellulose
- the two glucose units are linked by a β–1,4–glycosidic bond
- also a reducing sugar
(BETA-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)BETA-D-glucopyranose)

A

Cellobiose

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14
Q

Play a vital role in energy storage and in maintaining the structural integrity of an
organism.

A

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

consist of only one type of monosaccharide repeating units

A

homopolysaccharides

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16
Q

consist of two or more types of monosaccharides

A

heteropolysaccharides

17
Q
  • the storage form of glucose in plants
  • found as insoluble granules in rice, wheat, potatoes, beans, and cereals
  • composed of two kinds of polysaccharides, amylose (20%) and amylopectin (80%)
A

Starch

18
Q
  • animal starch; storage form of glucose in animals
  • is a polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles of animals.
  • The only difference from starch: the number
    of branches
    -α(1→6) branches every 8-12 residues
A

Glycogen

19
Q
  • major structural material of plant cells
  • most abundant polysaccharide or most abundant organic molecule in the world
  • glucose molecules form a long unbranched chain similar to that of amylose but the glucose units are linked by β–1,4–glycosidic bonds.
A

Cellulose

20
Q
  • structural polysaccharide of brown algae and kelp
  • industrial uses are as a thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer, and hydrophilic agent in medical and cosmetic ointment bases
A

alginic acid

21
Q
  • structural polysaccharide in red seaweeds
  • used in the preparation of chocolate drinks to hold cocoa particles in suspension
A

carrageenan

22
Q

structural polysaccharide in insect skeletons and shells of crabs and lobsters and also in the cell walls of most fungi and many algae

A

chitin

23
Q
  • not digestible by humans, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums and lignins
  • food sources include whole grains, bran, fruits, and vegetables
  • aids in the formation of bulk in the intestinal tract, which increases the absorption of water along the tract; does not contribute to caloric intake; remove digestive wastes /carcinogens
A

Dietary Fibers

24
Q
  • bonded to hydrophobic molecules, such as
    steroids, to increase their solubility in water.
  • When bonded to the modified sugar, steroids are more readily removed from the body.
A

α–D–glucuronate

25
Q

thought to stimulate the production of collagen; helps repair eroded cartilage in arthritic joints

A

α–D–glucosamine

26
Q

a component of bacterial cell walls

A

α–D-N–acetylglucosamine

27
Q

is a component of the A, B, O blood group antigens

A

α–D-N–acetylgalactosamine

28
Q
  • a polymer of D–glucuronic acid and D–glucosamine
  • an anticoagulant used in open heart surgery to prevent clotting of the blood
A

heparin

29
Q
  • a polymer with alternating units of D–glucuronic acid and N–acetyl–D-
    glucosamine
  • present in connective tissues
  • abundant in the fluid of joints and in the
    vitreous humor of the eye which serves as
    lubricant & shock absorber.
A

hyaluronic acid

30
Q
  • major structural components of cartilage, bone, cornea, and other connective tissue structures in vertebrates
  • consists of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid-2-sulfate-D-glucosamine sulfate.
A

chondroitin sulfate

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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