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SBI4U - Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Small part of DNA w/info for specific molecule

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2
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Variation of DNA sequence in genome

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3
Q

Genetic Expression

A

DNA > RNA > Protein

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4
Q

Transcription

A

Copy DNA > mRNA

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5
Q

Promoter Region

A
  • Repeating TA bases
  • TATA Box
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6
Q

Template Strand

A

Strand copied

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7
Q

Coding Strand

A

Stand not copied

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8
Q

Transcription Initation

A
  1. RNA poly binds to promoter region
  2. RNA poly unwinds DNA
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9
Q

Transcription Elongation

A

RNA poly starts at 3’ and makes complementary mRNA strand

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10
Q

Transcription Termination

A
  1. Termination sequence signals RNA to detach
  2. mRNA strand released
  3. DNA helix reforms
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11
Q

5’ Cap

A

Methylated guanine to 5’ end for ribosomes to recognize mRNA

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12
Q

3’ Poly A Tail

A

Chain of adenine to 3’ end to make it more stable

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13
Q

Introns

A

Non coding regions

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14
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions

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15
Q

Splicing

A

Introns removed, exons joined together by spliceosome

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16
Q

Codon

A

3 mRNA bases that codes for amino acid

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17
Q

Acceptor

A

Attaches to complementary amino acid to codon

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18
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary nucleotides to mRNA codons

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19
Q

tRNA

A

Strand of RNA that has anticodon & acceptor

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Has 3 binding sites for mRNA
  • A, P, E site
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21
Q

Translation

A

mRNA > Protein

22
Q

Translation Initation

A

Ribosomes recognize, attaches to mRNA near start codon (methionine)

23
Q

Translation Elongation

A
  1. 1st RNA binds to p site
  2. Next tRNA enters a site
  3. Polypeptide is moved from tRNA in p site to a site
  4. New tRNA moves to p site, old exists from e site
  5. Another tRNA comes into a site, repeat
24
Q

Stop codon

A

No corresponding tRNA amino acid

25
Q

Release Factor

A

Protein that cuts polypeptide from last RNA

26
Q

Translation Termination

A
  1. mRNA teaches stop codon
  2. Release factor cuts polypeptide
  3. Polypeptide goes to endo ret
  4. Ribosomal units, mRNA release
27
Q

Gene regulation

A

Control/change to gene expression in response to conditions to environment

28
Q

Constitutive Genes

A

Always kept on

29
Q

Operon

A

Region of DNA that has genes involved w/metabolic pathway

30
Q

Operator

A

Sequence where protein repressor binds to control transcription

31
Q

Promoter

A

Signals RNA poly where to start

32
Q

Lac Operon

A
  • 3 genes that codes for enzymes to breakdown lactose
  • Negative gene regulation
33
Q

In lack of lactose

A
  • Lac repressor is active
  • Stops RNA poly from biding to promoter
34
Q

In presence of lactose

A
  • Lactose binds to lac repressor
  • Stops repressor to bind from operator
35
Q

Trp Operon

A
  • Genes make tryptophan
  • Positive gene regulation
36
Q

Lack of tryptophan

A
  • Repressor protein inactive
37
Q

Prescence of tryptophan

A
  • Tryp binds to repressors protein, which binds to operator
  • Stops making to save nrg
38
Q

Pre-Transcriptional Control

A

DNA doesn’t uncoil for RNA poly to access

39
Q

Transcriptional Control

A

Transcriptional factor doesn’t bind to promoter

40
Q

Translational Control

A
  • 5’, poly A tail not added
  • miRNA/siRNA chops up the mRNA
41
Q

Post Translational Control

A

Protein isn’t folded, or put on hold by adding or removing chem grps on protein

42
Q

Point Mutation

A

Substitution of 1 bp

43
Q

Misense

A

Chance makes diff amino acid

44
Q

Nonsense

A

Change makes stop codon (shortens protein)

45
Q

Frame shift

A

Letter +/-, shifting the rest of the sequence F/B

46
Q

Large Scale Mutation

A

Changes parts in a chromosome

47
Q

Inversion

A

Part of chromosome breaks away & reattaches wrong order

48
Q

Translocation

A

Part of chromosome move from one to another chromosome

49
Q

Types of mutations

A
  • Spontaneous
  • Induced
50
Q

Examples of Phys & Chem Mutation

A
  • Tobacco (+CO)
  • Radiation causes breaking bonds in DNA, or molecules to lose e causing mutation when intereacting w/DNA

SBI4U - Biology (9 decks)

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