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SBI4U - Biology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbonyl

A

Aldehyde/ketone (sugar)

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2
Q

Carboxyl

A

Carboxylic acid (amino acids, fatty acids)

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3
Q

Carbohydrates Monomer and Bond

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Glycosidic
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4
Q

Lipids Monomer and Bond

A
  • Glycerol + fatty acid
  • Ester
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5
Q

Nucleic Acid Monomer and Bond

A
  • Nucleotides
  • Phosphodiester
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6
Q

Passive Transport Types

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis
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7
Q

Osomosis

A

Movement of H2O from low to high

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8
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Allows ions, small polar molecules to pass through a channel

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9
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Bind to specific molecule and deposits it in the cell

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10
Q

Hypertonic and Hypotonic

A
  • Hyper: more C
  • Hypo: less C
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11
Q

Active Transport Types

A
  • Primary AT
  • Secondary AT
  • Membrane Assisted T
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12
Q

Membrane Assisted Transport Types

A
  • Exocytosis: releases
  • Endocytosis: absorbs (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
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13
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfs whole

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14
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Little particles and surrounds w/membrane

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15
Q

Cell Membrane Components

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Cholesterol
  • Membrane proteins (integral & peripheral)
  • Carbohydrates (glycolipids & glycoproteins)
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16
Q

Purpose of Cholesterol

A

Maintain fluidity

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17
Q

Factors that affect fluidity

A
  • Temp
  • Double bonds in fatty acid tail
  • Fatty acid length (long tails have more attraction = less fluidity)
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18
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Membrane is collection of proteins, cholesterol, carbs, phospholipids

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19
Q

Cis and Trans bond

A
  • Cis = bent, same sides
  • Trans = straight, opp sides
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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency to keep relative constant internal environment

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21
Q

Types of Feedback Systems

A
  • Negative: reverses (pH, thermoregulation)
  • Positive: increases (blood clotting, childbirth)
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22
Q

Gland

A

Stores secreted hormones

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23
Q

Types of hormones

A
  • Steroid hormones
  • Protein hormones
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24
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • lipid soluble
  • diffuses into cell
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25
Q

Protein hormones

A
  • water soluble
  • binds to cell membrane receptors
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26
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • makes neurohormones that goes through portal vein into pituitary
  • maintains motivational behavior (emotions, hunger)
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27
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • anterior: makes regulatory hormones that’s released base on hypothalamus
  • posterior: stores ADH & oxytocin from hypothalamus
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28
Q

Thyroid

A

Make T4, turns into T3

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29
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Made of islets of langerhans
  • Makes glucagon, insulin
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30
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Controls Stress
  • Adrenal medulla (inner) = short term
  • Adrenal cortex (outer) = long term
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31
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Make myelin sheath

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32
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Space btwn schwann cells

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33
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Sensory > Spinal cord > Motor

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34
Q

Action Potential

A

Change in charge

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35
Q

Depolarizing

A

less -ive

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36
Q

Re/hyperpolarizaing

A

more -ive

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37
Q

Nerve Impulse Starts by

A
  1. Stimulus causing Na channels to open, depolarizing
  2. When it reaches -50mV, voltage gated Na channels open
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38
Q

Nerve Reaches Action Potential

A
  1. Na ions move in to +40mV
  2. Na channels closed, K channel opens
  3. K ions move out to -90mV
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39
Q

Refractory Period

A
  1. Na-K pumps repolarize membrane to -70mV
  2. Action potential at terminal causes Ca channel to open which vesicles release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
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40
Q

White & Grey Matter

A
  • White = myelinated
  • Grey = unmyelinated
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41
Q

Motor Neurons made of

A

Somatic + Autonomic

42
Q

Kidney Layers

A
  • Renal cortex = outer
  • Renal medulla = inner
  • Renal pelvis = core
43
Q

Filtration in Kidneys

A

Glomerulus filters blood letting H2O, ions, amino acids and glucose to diffuse into Bowman’s capsule

44
Q

Reabsorption in Kidneys

A
  1. Filtrate goes into proximal tubules
  2. Go into loop of Henle
  3. Enter distal tubules to concentrate waste
45
Q

Proximal Tubules Reabsorption

A
  • H2O = osmosis
  • Glucose + amino acid = active transport
  • Ions = ion pumps
46
Q

Loop of Henle Reabsorption

A
  • Descending: H2O moves out from C of Na & Cl
  • Ascending: Na moved through active transport, Cl follows
47
Q

Secretion in Kidneys

A

Excess substances are secreted at many pnts in nephron

48
Q

Pathway of Urine

A

Distal tubules > Collecting ducts > Pelvis > Ureters > Bladder > Urethra

49
Q

Anti-diuretic Hormone

A

Causes more reabsorption of H2O (less pee)

50
Q

ATP

A

Nrg currency of the cell

51
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Nrg can’t be turned into another form w/o loss of free nrg

52
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts by lowering Ea

53
Q

Substrate

A

Substance catalyzed by enzyme

54
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Substrate bonded to enzyme

55
Q

Induced fit model

A

Active site adapts to fit substrate

56
Q

Cofactors and Coenzymes

A
  • Factors = inorganic (metals)
  • Enzymes = organic (vitamins)
57
Q

Allosteric Site

A

Regulates enzyme activity by changing active site

58
Q

Inhibitors

A
  • Competitive: bind to active site
  • Noncompetitive: binds to allosteric
59
Q

Factors affecting enzyme acitivty

A
  • Substrate concentration
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Temp & pH
60
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP made by the help of enzyme

61
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Movement of ions down electrochemical gradient (protein gradient used to do work)

62
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ATP made by the reduction of O2

63
Q

Structure of Minotchondria

A
  • Intermembrane space
  • Cristae: folds in mitochondria
64
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • Catabolic
  • ALL done by organism, except chemoautotrophs
65
Q

Glycolysis

A
  1. Add 2 ATPs to glucose
  2. Glucose splits into G3P & DHAP
  3. 2 Pi + & 2 NADH made
  4. Remove all the PO4 (4)
66
Q

Glycolysis Products

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
67
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A
  1. CO2 removed & NADH made
  2. CoA added
68
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation Products

A
  • 2 Acetyl CoA
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 CO2
69
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  1. Acetyl + oxaloacetate
  2. 2 CO2 & 2 NADH form
  3. 1 ATP made
  4. 1 NADH & 1 FADH made
70
Q

Krebs Cycle Products

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
71
Q

ETC

A
  1. NADH oxidizes 2e to NADH dehydrogenase
  2. E are passed through channels & cytochrome complex which pulls H across
  3. FADH dropped off at ubiquinone
  4. As H moves down gradient, it powers ATP synthase
  5. O2 + 2e + 2H = H2O
72
Q

Total For Cellular Respiration

A
  • 36 ATP
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • CO2 & H2O
73
Q

Lactate Fermentation

A
  1. Pyruvate reduced by NADH
  2. Lactic acid & NAD+ made
74
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A
  1. Pyruvate reduced
  2. CO2 released, NAD+ & ethanol made
75
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Light absorbing pigment

76
Q

Photon

A

Packet of nrg w/specific wavelength

77
Q

Photosystem

A

Chlorophyll molecules & proteins in thylakoid membrane w/rxn centre & antenna complex

78
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ATP made using sunlight

79
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • Anabolic
  • Regular photosynthesis done by C3 plants
80
Q

Photosystem 2

A
  1. P690 e- excited
  2. Move through ETC, moving H ion stroma to lumen
  3. H2O split to replace e-
  4. O2 released, H go into lumen
81
Q

Photosystem 1

A
  1. e- goes to P700, gets reexcited
  2. ETC
  3. NADP reductase accepts e, making NADPH
  4. ATP made from H ions
82
Q

Cyclic Photophorylation

A

Ferredoxin cycles back to 1st P680 complex to pump more H across

83
Q

Carbon Fixation

A
  1. 3 CO2 + 2 RuBP by rubisco
  2. Breaks down into 6 PGA
84
Q

Reduction Reactions in Calvin Cycle

A
  1. ATP & NADPH 2e- added to each PGa
  2. G3P made
85
Q

Regeneration of RuBP

A
  1. 5 G3P turns into 3 RuBP using 3 ATP
  2. Last G3P combines w/another G3P to make glucose
86
Q

Photorespiration

A

O2 bonds w/rubisco

87
Q

C4 Plants

A

Separate calvin cycle into bundle sheath cells

88
Q

C4 Plant Photosynthesis

A
  1. In mesophyll, CO2 added to PEP by PEP carboxylase = oxaloacetate
  2. Oxaloacetate > malate
  3. Diffuses into bundle sheath & drops off CO2
  4. Turns back into PEP in mesophyll
89
Q

CAM Plants

A
  1. At night, stomata open & +CO2 = malate in vacuole
  2. In day, photosynthesis happen w/supplies
90
Q

DNA Replication Initation

A
  1. DNA helicase begins at OofR, unzips DNA strands
  2. Replication bubble & fork made
  3. SSbs proteins added to stop binding
  4. Topoisomerase cuts DNA, unwings and reattaches to relieve tension
91
Q

DNA Replication Elongation and Termination

A
  1. RNA primers added
  2. DNA poly 3 adds bases, making lagging + leading strand
  3. DNA poly 1 removes primers & replaces them
  4. DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments
  5. DNA helix reforms
92
Q

DNA Transcription

A
  1. Initiation: RNA poly binds to promoter region w/TATA box, unwinds DNA
  2. Elongation: RNA poly makes complementary mRNA on template strand
  3. Termination: termination sequence tells RNA poly to detach
93
Q

mRNA Modication

A
  • 5’ cap for ribosomal recognition
  • 3’ poly A tail for stability
  • Splicing: introns removed, exons pieced together by spliceosome
94
Q

DNA Translation

A
  1. Initiation: ribosome attaches to mRNA (met)
  2. Elongation: 1st tRNA binds to p site, 2nd tRNA binds to a site
  3. Amino acids make peptide bond, moves to a site tRNA
  4. tRNA exits through e site, 2nd moves into p site
  5. Termination: mRNA reaches stop codon, release factor cuts polypeptide
95
Q

Operon

A

Set of genes involved in same metabolic pathway w/operator

96
Q

Lac Operon

A
  • Negative
  • No lactose = lac repressor active
  • Yes lactose = lactose binds to repressor, going
97
Q

Trp Operon

A
  • Positive
  • No tryptophan = repressor inactive
  • Yes tryptophan = tryptophan binds to repressor protein, stopping
98
Q

Point Mutations

A
  • 1 bp change
  • Misense: diff amino
  • Nonsense: stop codon
  • Frameshift: +/- BP
99
Q

Large Scale Mutation

A
  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Translocation
100
Q

Inversion and Translocation

A
  • Inversion: chromosome order swapped
  • Translocation: added to another chromosome/misswapped w/another chromosome

SBI4U - Biology (9 decks)

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