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SBI4U - Biology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acid

A
  • H+ ions > OH-
  • Proton donor, e- acceptor
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2
Q

Base

A
  • OH- ions > H+ ions
  • Proton acceptor, e- donor
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3
Q

Adhesion

A

H2O molecules are attracted to other things bc of polarity

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4
Q

Cohesion

A

H2O molecules stick to each other

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5
Q

Surface tension

A

H bonds stick together stronger on the surface

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6
Q

Capillary Action

A

Ability to move H2O upwards against gravity through small openings

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7
Q

Intramolecular

A

Bonds within same molecule

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8
Q

Intermolecular

A

Bonds btwn diff molecules

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9
Q

Disulfide Bridge

A

Single covalent bond btwn 2 molecules w/sulfur

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10
Q

Isomer

A
  • Compounds w/same formula but different shape & properties
  • Structural - diff structure
  • Geometric - diff spatial arrangement
  • Enantiomer - mirroir images
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11
Q

Functional Groups

A

Characteristic grps attached to skeletons of organic molecules

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12
Q

Organic & Inorganic

A
  • Molecules w/C = organic
  • Molecules w/o C = inoganic (generally)
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13
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules w/only C & H2

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14
Q

Hydroxyl

A
  • OH
  • In dehydration reaction
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15
Q

Carbonyl

A
  • Aldehyde (double bonded O2 + H) (COH)
  • Ketone (just doubled bonded O2) (CO)
  • On sugar molecules
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16
Q

Carboxyl

A
  • Double bonded O + OH (CO2H)
  • Acidic behaviours, amino acids
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17
Q

Amine

A
  • NH2
  • Basic behaviours, amino acids
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18
Q

Phosphate

A
  • PO4 (can be w/OH instead of just O)
  • Acidic behaviour, ATP reactions
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19
Q

Sylfhydryl

A
  • SH
  • Disulfide bridges for protein folding
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20
Q

Methyl

A
  • CH3
  • Hydrophobic, less reactive
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21
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecule covalently bonded to repeating units of smaller molecules

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22
Q

Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation

A
  • Build macromolecules
  • Anabolic
  • H + OH releases
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23
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • Breaks apart
  • Catabolic
  • H2O is split into H + OH, added to molecules
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24
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Family of orgo molecules of C, H2, O2

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25
Q

Simple Carbohydrates

A

Sugar

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26
Q

Common Carbohydrate

A
  • Glucose (C6H12O6)
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
  • Pentose
  • Hexose (6)
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27
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Single sugar molecules
  • Fuelling cellular metabolism
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28
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

H above OH

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29
Q

Beta Glucose

A

H below OH

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30
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharides joined w/glycosidic linkage
  • nrg sources
  • depends on the monomers
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31
Q

Alpha Glycosidic Linkages

A

H on same side

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32
Q

Beta Glycosidic Linkage

A

H on opposite side

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33
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chain of monosaccharides

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34
Q

Cellulose

A

B glucose polymer held by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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35
Q

Microfibrils

A
  • parallel chains of cellulose
  • cell wall structure
  • fibre
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36
Q

Starch

A
  • A glucose w/amylose + amylopectin (1-4 & 1-6)
  • nrg storage for plants
  • easily hydrolyzed
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37
Q

Glycogen

A
  • A glucose molecules w/1-6 & 1-4 links
  • nrg storage for animal
  • hydrolyzed to release glucose
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38
Q

Chitin

A
  • modified polysaccharide of b glucose
  • has nitrogen instead of OH
  • cell walls of fungi
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39
Q

Lipids

A
  • Like carbs but smaller proportion of O2
  • Simple (fats, oils)
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
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40
Q

Role of Lipid

A
  • 2x nrg
  • Waterproofing
  • Cell membrane
  • Absorbs shock
  • metabolic H2O
  • insulation
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41
Q

Types of Fatty Acids

A
  • Monoglyceride (1 fatty acid)
  • Diglycerides
  • Triglycerides (most common)
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42
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  • When glycerol bonds, ester bond is created & H2O
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43
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A
  • Max # of H atoms, no double bond
  • Staight chains
  • Solid at room temp
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44
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A
  • Double bonded C
  • Liquid at room temp
45
Q

Cis Fatty Acids

A

H atoms are on the sane side of double bonded C

46
Q

Trans Fatty Acids

A
  • Opposite sides
  • Lies straight, not natural
47
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4
  • PO4 is hydrophillic & polar
  • Fatty acid is nonpolar & hydrophobic
48
Q

Steroids

A
  • 3 6 carbon atoms rings + 1 5 carbon ring
  • attaches onto a chain that changes
49
Q

Sucrose

A

A glucose + B fructose

50
Q

Maltose

A

A glucose + A glucose

51
Q

Lactose

A

B glucose + B galactose

52
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A
  • Fatty acid tail + phosphate head
  • Naturally forms w/hydrophobic ends facing each other
53
Q

Proteins Functions

A
  • Structural
  • Enzymes
  • Cell receptors
  • Regulates/maintains
  • Transport molecules
  • Defense
54
Q

Protein Elements

A
  • Amino acid polymers folded a certain way
  • Sequence = shape
55
Q

Amino Acid

A
  • C in the middle + R (=diff functional grps + hydrocarbon chain)
  • Amine
  • Carboxyl
56
Q

Complete Proteins

A

Proteins w/all essential amino acids

57
Q

Polypeptides form

A
  • Built in 1 dir
  • OH lost on carboxyl, & H lost on amine
58
Q

Terminus for Amino Acids

A
  • N terminus: end w/amino group
  • C terminus: carboxyl group
59
Q

Primary Level

A

Amino acids order

60
Q

Secondary Level

A
  • Folds from H bonds
  • A helices (coil)
  • B pleated sheets (ribbon)
61
Q

Tertiary Level

A
  • Interaction (stabilizers) btwn distant amino acids
  • Hydrophobic aminos makes bubble
  • H + ionic bonds btwn R grps
  • Disulfide bridges
62
Q

Quaternary

A

2+ tertiary polypeptides come together to make protein

63
Q

Denaturation

A
  • alteration of protein’s shape
  • Caused by pH, salinity, hot temps, chems
  • Some can go back if polypeptide is ok
64
Q

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • A,C,G,T
65
Q

RNA

A
  • Ribonucleic acid
  • Ribose sugar
  • A,C,G,U
66
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

polymers made of nucleotides

67
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar (2 types)
  • base (5 types)
68
Q

Nucleotide Nitrogenous Bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
69
Q

Purines

A
  • PuGA-2
  • Double ring
  • Adenine & Guanine
  • Pairs w/pyrimidines
70
Q

Pyrimindines

A
  • PyCUT-1
  • Single ring
  • Cytosine, thymine, uracil
71
Q

Formation of Nucleic Acid

A

polynucleotide covalently link btwn phosphate & sugar of the other

72
Q

RNA Function

A
  • Transfer RNA
  • Messenger RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
73
Q

Adenine bonds with

A

Thymine

74
Q

Guanine bonds with

A

Cytosine

75
Q

DNA Backbone

A

atlernating PO4 + sugar (hydrophillic) molecules of the DNA

76
Q

DNA strands

A
  • Run antiparallel
  • 5’ is across the 3’
  • PO4 on 5’ carbon
  • OH on 3’ carbon
77
Q

DNA Function

A
  • Info
  • Stable molecule
  • Replicate easy but allows mutations
78
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Long hydrocarbon + carboxyl

79
Q

Glycerol

A

Alcohol w/3 C, each bonded to OH

80
Q

Cholesterol

A

Sterol lipid

81
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

Bond btwn two monosaccharides

82
Q

Ester Links

A

Bonds fatty acids & glycerol

83
Q

Dipeptide Link

A

Two amino acids linked w/a peptide bond

84
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Covalent bond btwn C and N atoms of adjacent amino acids

85
Q

Phosphodiester Link

A

Bond btwn PO4 of one nucleotide w/other nucleotide’s sugar

86
Q

Different Types of Links

A
  • Carbs: glycosidic links
  • Lipids: ester links
  • Proteins: peptide links
  • Nucleic Acids: phosphodiester bond
87
Q

Concentration gradient

A

diff in C from inside to outside

88
Q

Passive Transport & Types

A
  • movement from high to low, no nrg
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
89
Q

Simple diffusion

A

happens directly through cell membrane

90
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

high to low C w/help of proteins in membrane

91
Q

Types of proteins for Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Channel proteins: allows ions/small polar things to pass through (tunnels)
  • Carrier proteins: binds to specific molecules, changes shape (gates)
92
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of H2O from low to high C across membrane

93
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

solution w/higher C

94
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

solution w/lower C

95
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

fluids/things around cell

96
Q

Factors that affect the Phospolipid bilayer

A
  • Temp
  • Types of fat (sat or unsat)
  • Fatty acid tail length
97
Q

Integral & Peripheral Protein

A
  • Integral: embedded
  • Peripheral: outside
  • Helps transports, bind, precepts
98
Q

Glycoprotein & Glycolipid

A
  • Glycoprotein = carb + protein
  • Glycolipid = carb + lipid
99
Q

Factors that affect diffusion

A
  • molecule size
  • polarity
  • temp
  • pressure
100
Q

Isotonic

A

same solute & H2O C

101
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles w/things are released & fuse w/cell membrane

102
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell engulfs w/cell membrane to form vesicle

103
Q

Types of Endocytosis

A
  • Phagocytosis: engulfs whole
  • Pinocytosis: sucks it in, then surrounds
  • Receptor-mediated: receptors bind w/molecules then takes it in
104
Q

Active transport

A
  • low to high
  • needs atp
105
Q

ATP

A
  • base + sugar + 3 PO4
  • nrg releases when PO4 is taken off (adenosine diphosphate)
106
Q

Ion pump

A

Actively transports ions against concentration gradient

107
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

uses ATP directly to move against by taking a PO4 from ATP & attaching to protein channel

108
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

uses electrochemical gradient built from prior active transport to move molecules

SBI4U - Biology (9 decks)

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