Biochemistry Flashcards
Acid
- H+ ions > OH-
- Proton donor, e- acceptor
Base
- OH- ions > H+ ions
- Proton acceptor, e- donor
Adhesion
H2O molecules are attracted to other things bc of polarity
Cohesion
H2O molecules stick to each other
Surface tension
H bonds stick together stronger on the surface
Capillary Action
Ability to move H2O upwards against gravity through small openings
Intramolecular
Bonds within same molecule
Intermolecular
Bonds btwn diff molecules
Disulfide Bridge
Single covalent bond btwn 2 molecules w/sulfur
Isomer
- Compounds w/same formula but different shape & properties
- Structural - diff structure
- Geometric - diff spatial arrangement
- Enantiomer - mirroir images
Functional Groups
Characteristic grps attached to skeletons of organic molecules
Organic & Inorganic
- Molecules w/C = organic
- Molecules w/o C = inoganic (generally)
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules w/only C & H2
Hydroxyl
- OH
- In dehydration reaction
Carbonyl
- Aldehyde (double bonded O2 + H) (COH)
- Ketone (just doubled bonded O2) (CO)
- On sugar molecules
Carboxyl
- Double bonded O + OH (CO2H)
- Acidic behaviours, amino acids
Amine
- NH2
- Basic behaviours, amino acids
Phosphate
- PO4 (can be w/OH instead of just O)
- Acidic behaviour, ATP reactions
Sylfhydryl
- SH
- Disulfide bridges for protein folding
Methyl
- CH3
- Hydrophobic, less reactive
Macromolecule
Large molecule covalently bonded to repeating units of smaller molecules
Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation
- Build macromolecules
- Anabolic
- H + OH releases
Hydrolysis
- Breaks apart
- Catabolic
- H2O is split into H + OH, added to molecules
Carbohydrates
Family of orgo molecules of C, H2, O2
Simple Carbohydrates
Sugar
Common Carbohydrate
- Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Pentose
- Hexose (6)
Monosaccharides
- Single sugar molecules
- Fuelling cellular metabolism
Alpha Glucose
H above OH
Beta Glucose
H below OH
Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharides joined w/glycosidic linkage
- nrg sources
- depends on the monomers
Alpha Glycosidic Linkages
H on same side
Beta Glycosidic Linkage
H on opposite side
Polysaccharides
Long chain of monosaccharides
Cellulose
B glucose polymer held by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Microfibrils
- parallel chains of cellulose
- cell wall structure
- fibre
Starch
- A glucose w/amylose + amylopectin (1-4 & 1-6)
- nrg storage for plants
- easily hydrolyzed
Glycogen
- A glucose molecules w/1-6 & 1-4 links
- nrg storage for animal
- hydrolyzed to release glucose
Chitin
- modified polysaccharide of b glucose
- has nitrogen instead of OH
- cell walls of fungi
Lipids
- Like carbs but smaller proportion of O2
- Simple (fats, oils)
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Role of Lipid
- 2x nrg
- Waterproofing
- Cell membrane
- Absorbs shock
- metabolic H2O
- insulation
Types of Fatty Acids
- Monoglyceride (1 fatty acid)
- Diglycerides
- Triglycerides (most common)
Triglycerides
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- When glycerol bonds, ester bond is created & H2O
Saturated Fatty Acids
- Max # of H atoms, no double bond
- Staight chains
- Solid at room temp
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Double bonded C
- Liquid at room temp
Cis Fatty Acids
H atoms are on the sane side of double bonded C
Trans Fatty Acids
- Opposite sides
- Lies straight, not natural
Phospholipids
- glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4
- PO4 is hydrophillic & polar
- Fatty acid is nonpolar & hydrophobic
Steroids
- 3 6 carbon atoms rings + 1 5 carbon ring
- attaches onto a chain that changes
Sucrose
A glucose + B fructose
Maltose
A glucose + A glucose
Lactose
B glucose + B galactose
Phospholipid Bilayer
- Fatty acid tail + phosphate head
- Naturally forms w/hydrophobic ends facing each other
Proteins Functions
- Structural
- Enzymes
- Cell receptors
- Regulates/maintains
- Transport molecules
- Defense
Protein Elements
- Amino acid polymers folded a certain way
- Sequence = shape
Amino Acid
- C in the middle + R (=diff functional grps + hydrocarbon chain)
- Amine
- Carboxyl
Complete Proteins
Proteins w/all essential amino acids
Polypeptides form
- Built in 1 dir
- OH lost on carboxyl, & H lost on amine
Terminus for Amino Acids
- N terminus: end w/amino group
- C terminus: carboxyl group
Primary Level
Amino acids order
Secondary Level
- Folds from H bonds
- A helices (coil)
- B pleated sheets (ribbon)
Tertiary Level
- Interaction (stabilizers) btwn distant amino acids
- Hydrophobic aminos makes bubble
- H + ionic bonds btwn R grps
- Disulfide bridges
Quaternary
2+ tertiary polypeptides come together to make protein
Denaturation
- alteration of protein’s shape
- Caused by pH, salinity, hot temps, chems
- Some can go back if polypeptide is ok
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Deoxyribose sugar
- A,C,G,T
RNA
- Ribonucleic acid
- Ribose sugar
- A,C,G,U
Nucleic Acid
polymers made of nucleotides
Nucleotides
- phosphate
- sugar (2 types)
- base (5 types)
Nucleotide Nitrogenous Bases
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
- Uracil
Purines
- PuGA-2
- Double ring
- Adenine & Guanine
- Pairs w/pyrimidines
Pyrimindines
- PyCUT-1
- Single ring
- Cytosine, thymine, uracil
Formation of Nucleic Acid
polynucleotide covalently link btwn phosphate & sugar of the other
RNA Function
- Transfer RNA
- Messenger RNA
- Ribosomal RNA
Adenine bonds with
Thymine
Guanine bonds with
Cytosine
DNA Backbone
atlernating PO4 + sugar (hydrophillic) molecules of the DNA
DNA strands
- Run antiparallel
- 5’ is across the 3’
- PO4 on 5’ carbon
- OH on 3’ carbon
DNA Function
- Info
- Stable molecule
- Replicate easy but allows mutations
Fatty Acids
Long hydrocarbon + carboxyl
Glycerol
Alcohol w/3 C, each bonded to OH
Cholesterol
Sterol lipid
Glycosidic Linkage
Bond btwn two monosaccharides
Ester Links
Bonds fatty acids & glycerol
Dipeptide Link
Two amino acids linked w/a peptide bond
Peptide Bond
Covalent bond btwn C and N atoms of adjacent amino acids
Phosphodiester Link
Bond btwn PO4 of one nucleotide w/other nucleotide’s sugar
Different Types of Links
- Carbs: glycosidic links
- Lipids: ester links
- Proteins: peptide links
- Nucleic Acids: phosphodiester bond
Concentration gradient
diff in C from inside to outside
Passive Transport & Types
- movement from high to low, no nrg
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
Simple diffusion
happens directly through cell membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
high to low C w/help of proteins in membrane
Types of proteins for Facilitated Diffusion
- Channel proteins: allows ions/small polar things to pass through (tunnels)
- Carrier proteins: binds to specific molecules, changes shape (gates)
Osmosis
movement of H2O from low to high C across membrane
Hypertonic Solution
solution w/higher C
Hypotonic Solution
solution w/lower C
Extracellular Fluid
fluids/things around cell
Factors that affect the Phospolipid bilayer
- Temp
- Types of fat (sat or unsat)
- Fatty acid tail length
Integral & Peripheral Protein
- Integral: embedded
- Peripheral: outside
- Helps transports, bind, precepts
Glycoprotein & Glycolipid
- Glycoprotein = carb + protein
- Glycolipid = carb + lipid
Factors that affect diffusion
- molecule size
- polarity
- temp
- pressure
Isotonic
same solute & H2O C
Exocytosis
vesicles w/things are released & fuse w/cell membrane
Endocytosis
cell engulfs w/cell membrane to form vesicle
Types of Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis: engulfs whole
- Pinocytosis: sucks it in, then surrounds
- Receptor-mediated: receptors bind w/molecules then takes it in
Active transport
- low to high
- needs atp
ATP
- base + sugar + 3 PO4
- nrg releases when PO4 is taken off (adenosine diphosphate)
Ion pump
Actively transports ions against concentration gradient
Primary Active Transport
uses ATP directly to move against by taking a PO4 from ATP & attaching to protein channel
Secondary Active Transport
uses electrochemical gradient built from prior active transport to move molecules
