Enzymes

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All reactions happening inside living organisms

Question 2

Chemical PE

Answer 2

• PE in bonds of
  molecules
• varies based on bond energies

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

Nrg currency bc
- high nrg bonds
- low nrg to hydrolysize ATP

Question 4

Hydrolysis of ATP becomes

Answer 4

ATP = ADP + Pi

Question 5

Phosphorylation

Answer 5

• Bonding of PO4 to molecule
• Rercharging ATP is also phosphorylation

Question 6

Reaction Coupling

Answer 6

Using an intermediate bonding step to get to a final chemical rxn

Question 7

Thermodynamics

Answer 7

Study of the flow of nrg

Question 8

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 8

nrg can’t be turned into another form w/o the loss of useful nrg

Question 9

Free Energy

Answer 9

• # of nrg that is available to do work
• will always be more than what is actually sued

Question 10

Anabolic

Answer 10

• Condensation
• Eg: photosynthesis

Question 11

Catabolic

Answer 11

• Hydrolysis
• Eg: cellular respiration

Question 12

Endergonic

Answer 12

• Endothermic
• Starts w/low PE

Question 13

Exergonic

Answer 13

• Exothermic
• Starts w/high PE

Question 14

Activation Energy

Answer 14

Nrg neded to start rxn

Question 15

Enzymes

Answer 15

Special type of protein that regulates the rate of chem rxn

Question 16

Substrate

Answer 16

the substance being processed

Question 17

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 17

Substrate + Enzyme temporarily bonds

Question 18

Aspects of Enzymes

Answer 18

• Specificity
• Lowers Ea by lowering free nrg needed in the transition state of the substrate
• Create ideal environ to catalize w/o heat

Question 19

Enzyme Specificity Theories

Answer 19

• Lock and Key
• Induced Fit Model (changes shape)

Question 20

Transition State

Answer 20

Unstable state that substrate must get to for rxn to happen

Question 21

Ways Enzymes catalyze

Answer 21

• Microenvironment
• Orientation
• Direct participation
• Straining bonds

Question 22

Enzyme Classification

Answer 22

1. Oxioreductases
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lyases
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases

Question 23

Oxioreductases

Answer 23

Oxidation-reduction where O2 & H2 gained/lost

Question 24

Tranferases

Answer 24

Transfer of functional grp

Question 25

Lyases

Answer 25

Removing of grps of atoms w/o hydrolysis

Question 26

Isomerases

Answer 26

Rearrangement of atoms

Question 27

Ligases

Answer 27

Joins 2 molecules

Question 28

Coenzymes & Cofactors

Answer 28

• Coenzymes: organic
• Cofactors: inorganic

Question 29

Allosteric Enzymes

Answer 29

• Another binding site, not active
• Can inhibit or active enzyme

Question 30

Competitive Inhibitors

Answer 30

• binds to active site
• increased substrate concentration can overcome

Question 31

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Answer 31

Binds elsewhere by changing shape

Question 32

Substrate Concentration Increases

Answer 32

When enzymes become saturated, adding more won’t increase the rate

Question 33

Enzyme Concentration Increases

Answer 33

Increases rate of reaction (assuming infinite substrate)

Question 34

Inorganic PO4

Answer 34

PO4 detached from carbon molecule