genetics

Question 1

what is genetics and inheritance

Answer 1

the study of inheritance of biological traits
inheritance is the passing of traits from parent to offspring, via reproduction

Question 2

what are mendels laws of heritance

Answer 2

1.LAW OF DOMINANCE, one allele will mask the effects of the other allele
2. LAW OF SEGRAGATION, offspring gets one allele from each parent
3. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT, 2 traits are crossed at once, traits are inherited seperately

Question 3

what are the exceptions to mendels laws

Answer 3

LACK OF DOMINANCE, traits cannot mask eachother, incomplete blends both traits, codominace expresses both at same time
MULTIPLE ALLELES, have more then one allele, blood type often used
SEX LINKED TRAITS, x-linked are only on x chromosome, females give x males give x or y, x determines trait

Question 4

structure of DNA

Answer 4

it is long double stranded, twisted, composed of nucleotides

Question 5

what is a the build up of a nucleotide and how do they connect

Answer 5

phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + nitrogen base
bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
c+t
a+g

Question 6

what do genes do

Answer 6

sections of chromosomes that provide instructions for traits of the organism, proteins, enzymes, hormones.

Question 7

how is the genetic code provided

Answer 7

the order of base pairs of the nucleotides

Question 8

what is DNA replication

Answer 8

process of DNA replicating itself, occurs in interphase, assures all cells have identical genetic information

Question 9

what are the steps of replication

Answer 9

1. uncoil
2. unzips in 2 parent strands
3. DNA rebuilds nucleotides and attcahs them to parent strands
4. recoiling

Question 10

what are proteins

Answer 10

complex bundles of amino acids that make up traits of organisms, order and number of aminos determine the traits

Question 11

what is protein synthesis

Answer 11

cell making up proteins, uses instructions from DNA, the sequence of bases in the DNA provides the intructions for a protein. DNA synthesizes protein with help of RNA.

Question 12

structure of RNA

Answer 12

single stranded, ribose sugar in stead of deoxyribose, same bases except uracil replaces thymine

Question 13

what are the three parts types of RNA

Answer 13

mRNA, carries instructions to the ribosomes, has three adjacent bases called codon, correspond to specific amino acid
rRNA, part of ribosome that mRNA attaches too
tRNA, delivers proper amino acids, one end has attachment site for amino acids, the other has end that contains anti codon
c+g
u+a

Question 14

stages of transcription

Answer 14

1. DNA uncoils
2. DNA unzips one side will be transcribed
3. mRNA constructed
4. H bonds reform DNA and recoils
5. mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome with code

Question 15

stages of translation

Answer 15

1. mRNA attaches to rRNA
2. tRNA picks up free amino acids in cytoplasm and carries to mRNA
3. codons determine order of amino acids
4. amino acids form a chain, protein

Question 16

differences between chromosomal and gene mutations

Answer 16

gene mutations are caused by by portions of DNA being deleted, duplicated, inverted, or translocated, changes are visible, result in enzyme deficiency
chromosomal mutations, by nondisjunction, failure of chromosome to split, too many of not enough chromosomes
deletion of an arm of a chromosome
changes will be visible