Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

This is when only 1 parent forms genetically identical offspring

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2
Q

What is sexual reroduction

A

This when two parents are needed to produce a genetically different offspring

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3
Q

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction

A

-this can produce lots of offspring very quicky
-not a lot of energy is required as only one parent is needed

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4
Q

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction

A

-creates genetic variation in the population
- if the environment changes, it is likely that some of the organisms will have the characteristics to survive
- offspring will be better adapted to survive the environment

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5
Q

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

-there is no genetic variation, so if there is a change in environment, all of them will die

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6
Q

What are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • it takes a long time and requires a lot of energy
  • two parents are needed
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7
Q

What is DNA made of

A

It’s made of polymers called nucleotides

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8
Q

How is one strand of nucleotide layed out

A

Phosphate-Sugar-Base-Base-Sugar-Phosphate

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9
Q

What are the 4 bases and how are they paired up

A

Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine-Guanine

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10
Q

What are the base pairs joined up by?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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12
Q

How is the amino acid coded?

A

They are coded by a sequence of three bases called base triplets

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13
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

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14
Q

What happens in the transcription stage of protein synthesis

A
  1. mRNA polymerase enzyme cuts the DNA strand to make it a single strand(mRNA)
  2. Uracil replaces thymine in this process
  3. This mRNA will then move out of the nucleus and into the ribosomes
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15
Q

What happens in the translation stage of protein synthesis

A
  1. mRNA reaches the ribosomes
  2. Amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by the tRNA
  3. The order of the amino acids is determined by the base triplets(codons.) The amino acids are complementary to the codons.
  4. The amino acids are then joined together to make a protein
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16
Q

what is Gregor Mendel famous for?

A

he is famous for his experiment where he bred pea plants with different heights. in this, he found that all the offspring were tall. he then bred two tall offspring and together and they produced 1 short for every 3 tall. this shows that the short allele was being carried

17
Q

what are the 3 different blood types for alleles

A

I^O,I^A,I^B

18
Q

what are the 4 different blood types

A

A, B, O and AB

19
Q

what was the human genome project

A

this was a project that started to find every single human gene. it had found around 20500. this had many benefits for medicine

20
Q

what are some benefits from the human genome project to medicine

A
  1. prediction and prevention of diseases
  2. testing and treatment for inherited disorders
    3.new and better medicines
21
Q

why is the probability of a man getting a sex linked disorder higher than a woman

A

because there isn’t another allele on the Y chromosome to mask the effect of the allele in the X chromosome