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Biochem > Genetic material > Flashcards

Genetic material Flashcards

exam 1

1
Q

central dogma describes

A

how information from genes are converted to proteins

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2
Q

transcription

A

DNA–> RNA

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3
Q

translation

A

RNA–> protein

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4
Q

four DNA bases

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

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5
Q

Pure As Gold

A

purines: adenine and guanine

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6
Q

nucleoside

A

base attached via an N-glycosidic bond to a 5- carbon cylic sugar

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7
Q

nucletoide

A

a nucleoside with a phospahte esterified to carbon 5 of the sugar

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8
Q

primary structure of DNA

A

polymer of deoxyribonucleotides linked via 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester linkages

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9
Q

double helical model composed

A

antiparallel DNA rotating around the axis with a sugar and phosphate groups on the outside and bases on the inside

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10
Q

helix is stabilized by

A

hydrogen bonds between bases

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11
Q

major groove allows for

A

more DNA-protein interaction

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12
Q

DNA kinase

A

adds a phosphate

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13
Q

DNA phosphatase

A

takes away a phosphate

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14
Q

by-product of phosphatase

A

water

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15
Q

kinase needs

A

ATP

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16
Q

Relax DNA lacks

A

supercoiling

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17
Q

(-) supercoiling

A

opposite direction

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18
Q

(+) supercoiling

A

same direction

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19
Q

topo I

A

cleaves one strand

20
Q

topo II

A

cleaves two strands

21
Q

Topo I inhibited by

A

camptothecin

22
Q

Topo II inhibited by

A

m-AMSA and Doxorubicin

23
Q

malting temperature of DNA increases with

A

increasing GC content

24
Q

total number of human proteins

A

~25,000

25
Q

true or false: a considerable portion of our genome is to encode protein

A

false, it is not. we could potentially encode 3 million

26
Q

Junk DNA composed of

A

pseudogenes
processed pseudogenes
proviruses
repetitive DNA sequences

27
Q

Repetitive DNA sequences are composed of _______ elements: ____, _____, ____ , ______ and ____

A

Repetitive DNA sequences are composed of transposable elements: SINEs, LINEs, minisatellites, microsatellites and satellite sequences

28
Q

possibly arose from incorporation of reverse transcription products of mRNA

A

processed pseudogenes

29
Q

DNA copies of retroviruses inserted into chromosomes

A

proviruses

30
Q

the human genome contains ______ proviruses

A

1,000

31
Q

ALU repeats

A

short, interspersed repeat element (SINE)

32
Q

ALU repeat is approx. ____bp long with one about every ____bp

A

280 long

one about every5000bp

33
Q

SINEs make up approx. ____% of the human genome

A

10%

34
Q

LI repeat

A

Long, interspersed repeat element LINE

35
Q

LI is greaater than ___bp. normally LINE elements are ___-___ kb long but the majority are ____

A

500bp long
6-8 kb
truncated

36
Q

LINEs constitute approx. ____% of the human genome and encode a ______ ____

A

about 20% and encode a reverse transcriptase

37
Q

____ ____ repeats constitute about 3% of the human genome

A

simples sequence

38
Q

are 2-5bp repeats with a mean array size of ~10 and are present in everybody at the same specific chromosomal locations and highly polymorphis

A

microsatellites

39
Q

serve as biological markers

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

40
Q

certain disease have a characteristic ____ profile

A

SNP

41
Q

SNPs may fall

A

in the coding sequence of genes, non-coding regions, or intergenic regions between genes

42
Q

example of a satellite sequence

A

telomeres

43
Q

shorten with age

A

telomeres

44
Q

______ is repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in tumor cells

A

telomerase

45
Q

telomeres are synthesized by _____ to protect against ___ ___ __ that would recognize broken ends and join them

A

synthesized by telomerase to protect against DNA repair mechanism

46
Q

composed of TTAGGG repeats

A

telomeres

Biochem (10 decks)

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