Genetic material

Question 1

central dogma describes

Answer 1

how information from genes are converted to proteins

Question 2

transcription

Answer 2

DNA–> RNA

Question 3

translation

Answer 3

RNA–> protein

Question 4

four DNA bases

Answer 4

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

Question 5

Pure As Gold

Answer 5

purines: adenine and guanine

Question 6

nucleoside

Answer 6

base attached via an N-glycosidic bond to a 5- carbon cylic sugar

Question 7

nucletoide

Answer 7

a nucleoside with a phospahte esterified to carbon 5 of the sugar

Question 8

primary structure of DNA

Answer 8

polymer of deoxyribonucleotides linked via 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester linkages

Question 9

double helical model composed

Answer 9

antiparallel DNA rotating around the axis with a sugar and phosphate groups on the outside and bases on the inside

Question 10

helix is stabilized by

Answer 10

hydrogen bonds between bases

Question 11

major groove allows for

Answer 11

more DNA-protein interaction

Question 12

DNA kinase

Answer 12

adds a phosphate

Question 13

DNA phosphatase

Answer 13

takes away a phosphate

Question 14

by-product of phosphatase

Answer 14

water

Question 15

kinase needs

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

Relax DNA lacks

Answer 16

supercoiling

Question 17

(-) supercoiling

Answer 17

opposite direction

Question 18

(+) supercoiling

Answer 18

same direction

Question 19

topo I

Answer 19

cleaves one strand

Question 20

topo II

Answer 20

cleaves two strands

Question 21

Topo I inhibited by

Answer 21

camptothecin

Question 22

Topo II inhibited by

Answer 22

m-AMSA and Doxorubicin

Question 23

malting temperature of DNA increases with

Answer 23

increasing GC content

Question 24

total number of human proteins

Answer 24

~25,000

Question 25

true or false: a considerable portion of our genome is to encode protein

Answer 25

false, it is not. we could potentially encode 3 million

Question 26

Junk DNA composed of

Answer 26

pseudogenes processed pseudogenes proviruses repetitive DNA sequences

Question 27

Repetitive DNA sequences are composed of _______ elements: ____, _____, ____ , ______ and ____

Answer 27

Repetitive DNA sequences are composed of transposable elements: SINEs, LINEs, minisatellites, microsatellites and satellite sequences

Question 28

possibly arose from incorporation of reverse transcription products of mRNA

Answer 28

processed pseudogenes

Question 29

DNA copies of retroviruses inserted into chromosomes

Answer 29

proviruses

Question 30

the human genome contains ______ proviruses

Answer 30

1,000

Question 31

ALU repeats

Answer 31

short, interspersed repeat element (SINE)

Question 32

ALU repeat is approx. ____bp long with one about every ____bp

Answer 32

280 long | one about every5000bp

Question 33

SINEs make up approx. ____% of the human genome

Answer 33

10%

Question 34

LI repeat

Answer 34

Long, interspersed repeat element LINE

Question 35

LI is greaater than ___bp. normally LINE elements are ___-___ kb long but the majority are ____

Answer 35

500bp long 6-8 kb truncated

Question 36

LINEs constitute approx. ____% of the human genome and encode a ______ ____

Answer 36

about 20% and encode a reverse transcriptase

Question 37

____ ____ repeats constitute about 3% of the human genome

Answer 37

simples sequence

Question 38

are 2-5bp repeats with a mean array size of ~10 and are present in everybody at the same specific chromosomal locations and highly polymorphis

Answer 38

microsatellites

Question 39

serve as biological markers

Answer 39

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Question 40

certain disease have a characteristic ____ profile

Answer 40

SNP

Question 41

SNPs may fall

Answer 41

in the coding sequence of genes, non-coding regions, or intergenic regions between genes

Question 42

example of a satellite sequence

Answer 42

telomeres

Question 43

shorten with age

Answer 43

telomeres

Question 44

______ is repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in tumor cells

Answer 44

telomerase

Question 45

telomeres are synthesized by _____ to protect against ___ ___ __ that would recognize broken ends and join them

Answer 45

synthesized by telomerase to protect against DNA repair mechanism

Question 46

composed of TTAGGG repeats

Answer 46

telomeres