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Biochem > Control of gene expression > Flashcards

Control of gene expression Flashcards

exam 1

1
Q

cell types are determined by

A

differential gene expression resulting in different proteins

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2
Q

basic functions for cell sustenance

A

Housekeeping

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3
Q

example of a housekeeping gene

A

ribosomal proteins

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4
Q

formed as DNA wraps around a histone octamer

A

nuclesome

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5
Q

nucleosomes are not accessible to ______ when compared to free DNA

A

DNase I

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6
Q

trasncriptionally inactive

A

heterochromatin

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7
Q

transcriptionally active

A

euchromatin

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8
Q

accessible to limiting amounts of DNase I

A

euchromatin

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9
Q

not accessible to limiting amounts of DNAse I

A

heterochromatin

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10
Q

requires chromatin structure rearrangement so that RNA polymerase may bind

A

Gene activation

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11
Q

regulate chromatin organization over chromosomal domains

A

Locus control regions

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12
Q

LCR example

A

all globin genes

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13
Q

can alter chromatin structures

A

protein complexes

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14
Q

protein complexes that can alter chromatin structure example

A

SWI-SNF

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15
Q

Protein Complexes are thought to act globally to ____ mobility of ________ throughout the genome but some may target specific genes

A

Protein Complexes are thought to act globally to increase mobility of nucleosomes throughout the genome but some may target specific genes

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16
Q

leads to unfolding of chromatin leading to transcritptional activation

A

histone acetylation

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17
Q

histone acetylation happens in

A

lysine residues

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18
Q

Many transcriptional “activators” have histone ____________ activity

A

acetyltransferase (HAT)

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19
Q

Many transcriptional “repressors” are histone _________

A

deacetylases (HDAC)

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20
Q

diminished gene expression

A

presence of methyl groups in promoter regions

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21
Q

gene activity associated with

A

absence of methylation

22
Q

key mediator of X-inactivation

A

CpG

23
Q

____ _________ adds a methyl group to the _____carbons atom of some, but not all, cytosine residues in ____ ________

A

DNA methyltranserase adds a methyl group to the fifth carbon atom of some, but not all, cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides

24
Q

CpG dinucleotides sequences are _______ for mutations because ______ of 5-methyl cytosine forms _____ and _____ _____ will not register this as a mutation

A

CpG dinucleotides sequences are hotspots for mutations because deamination of 5- methyl cytosine forms thymine and repair machinery will not register this as a mutation

25
Q

long CpG rich regions of DNA present in promoter regions that are actively transcribed in all cell types

A

CpG islands

26
Q

True or false: About 75% of human genes have a CpG island near their enhancers regions

A

false: About 50% of human genes have a CpG island near their promoter regions

27
Q

almost always lack methylation, regardless of whether the associated gene is active or nor

A

CpG islands

28
Q

certain genes are ______ by various signals

A

induced

29
Q

marked by protein binding to promoter or enhancer elements facilitating transcription

A

Inducible gene expression

30
Q

made in the pancreas

A

insulin

31
Q

example of hormonal induction signal

A

steroid hormones

32
Q

regulated by glucose via the PDX1 gene

A

insulin

33
Q

derived from cholesterol and are soluble in lipid membranes

A

cholesterol

34
Q

Cholesterol receptors are ______ and once bound to hormone these receptors bind to _______ or ______ elements of DNA

A

Cholesterol receptors are intracellular and once bound to hormone these receptors bind to response or enhancer elements of DNA

35
Q

used to determine differences in the mRNA population between two cell types

A

DNA microarrays

36
Q

requires mRNA isolated from two cell types

A

Microarray

37
Q

Microarray measures relative _______ in mRNA populations. Glass slides containing the ____ of interest is prepared by ________ the dsDNA so that ________ is available for complementary base pairing.

A

Microarray measures relative differences in mRNA populations. Glass slides containing the DNA of interest is prepared by denaturing the dsDNA so that ssDNA is available for complimentary base pairing

38
Q

(1) continuation of microarray. mRNA from each cell type is converted to ____ and labeled with a particular ____ probe. The ____ are pooled and _____ to the DNA on the microarray. Microscopes and computers are used to measure the amount of ________ to all of the spots on the microarray

A

mRNA from each cell type is converted to cDNA and labeled with a particular fluorescent probe. The cDNA are pooled and hybridize to the DNA on the microarray. Microscopes and computers are sued to measure the amount of hybridization to all of the spots on the microarray.

39
Q

(2) continuation of microarray. If a particular ______ is present at abnormal levels in once cell type compared to the other, the spot will not ___________________________

A

If a particular mRNA is present at abnormal levels in once cell type compared to the other, the spot will not blend of the two colors but rather on primary color

40
Q

alternative to microarray

A

RNA-seq

41
Q

RNA-seq relies on?

A

next generation sequencing to determine the composition and quantity of RNA present in a cell.

42
Q

true or false: in RNA-seq, the more sequence that appears, the more RNA is present

A

true

43
Q

excessive _______ expression is seen in multiple diseases

A

mRNA

44
Q

is used for RNA interference methods (RNAi)

A

small-interfering RNA (siRNA)

45
Q

ds-siRNA froms a

A

ribonucleoprotein complex–> RISC

46
Q

RISC binds to

A

target mRNA via complementary base pairing

47
Q

RNA interference leads to?

A

targeted destruction of “knock-down” of the bound mRNA

48
Q

can be used to “knock-out” specific genes

A

CRISPR-Cas

49
Q

programmable nuclease that can be guided to certain sites on DNA

A

Cas9

50
Q

true or false: there exists a possibility of never correcting gene defects in the future

A

false, YES WE CAN!!!

51
Q

knock-out

A

CRISPR-Cas

52
Q

Knock-down

A

RNAi

Biochem (10 decks)

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