genetic engineering and respiration Flashcards
what is the purpose of genetic engineering?
so genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another by genetic engineering.
what are the stages of genetic engineering?
- identify section of DNA that contains require gene from source chromosome
- extract required gene
- extract plasmid from bacterial cell
- insert required gene into bacterial plasmid
- insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism.
how are enzymes used in the stages of genetic engineering?
enzymes are used to cut out a gene from a chromosome or cut open a plasmid.
what is respiration?
its when the chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions called respiration.
how is ATP made and what is it for?
the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP.
the energy transferred by ATP can be used for cellular activities such as muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis and transmission of nerve impulses.
what happens when glucose is broken down?
glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, releasing enough energy to yield two molecules of ATP.
Further breakdown depends on the presence/absence of oxygen. If oxygen is present, aerobic respiration will take place and each pyruvate are broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules.
in the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathway takes place.
what are pyruvate molecules converted to in animal, yeast and plant cells?
in animal cells the pyruvate molecules are converted into lactate and in plant cells and yeast cells they are converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol.
what does the breakdown of glucose via the fermentation pathway yield?
only the initial two molecules of ATP.
where does respiration begin?
in the cytoplasm
where is fermentation completed?
in the cytoplasm
where is aerobic respiration completed?
in the mitochondria
