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Biology R > Genetic Diversity + Adaptation > Flashcards

Genetic Diversity + Adaptation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene mutation

A

any change to one or more nucleotide bases or change in sequence of bases in DNA

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2
Q

change to base of DNA triplet

A

change in amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

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3
Q

substitution

A
  • nucleotide in DNA is replaced by another
    nucleotide
  • if it codes fo are different amino acid the tertiary structure of the protein changes so the function changes
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4
Q

substitution with no effect

A

if triplet still codes for same amino acid (degenerate)

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5
Q

deletion

A

nucleotide lost from the normal DNA sequence

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6
Q

effect of deletion

A
  • amino acid sequence changes to polypeptide may not function
  • one deleted nucleotide causes all triplets to be read differently
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7
Q

chromosome mutations

A

change to structure or number of whole chromosome

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8
Q

two types of chromosome mutations

A
  • changes in whole sets of chromosomes (3 or more sets e.g.polyploidy)
  • changes in number of individual chromosomes (h.p. don’t separate during meiosis = non dis-functional)
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9
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

what leads to genetic diversity

A

differences in DNA lead to vast genetic diversity

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11
Q

gene

A

section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for polypeptides

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12
Q

members of the same species

A

same genes but different alleles

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13
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene

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14
Q

genotype

A

genetic / allele combination of an organism

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15
Q

phenotype

A

genotype and effects of the environment (expressed characteristic )

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16
Q

population

A

group of the same species , in the same place , that can interbreed

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17
Q

more alleles lead to …

A
  1. increased genetic diversity
  2. wider range of characteristics (gene pool)
  3. increased change of surviving environmental change
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18
Q

what does genetic diversity enable

A

natural selection

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19
Q

natural selection and evolution

A

individuals who posses right alleles successfully reproduce and pass on alleles

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20
Q

successful reproduction and allele frequency

A

reproductive success of individuals affects allele frequency

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21
Q

successful reproduction and allele frequency : S.R.M.G.A.S.R.P.F.F

A 
selection pressure (some) 
random (really)
mutations cause (mental)
genetic diversity (goats) 
advantage (ate)
survive (some)
reproduce (raw)
passed (premium)
frequency of advantageous alleles (fish)
frequency (fingers)
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22
Q

selection

A

process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce .

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23
Q

selection pressure

A

environmental change that leads to organisms that are better adapted to their environment surviving and reproducing

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24
Q

continuous variation

A

a characteristic that can have a wide range of values

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25
Q

discontinuous variation

A
  • a characteristic with few possible values

- few discrete categories

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26
Q

characteristics

A
  • most characteristics are really controlled by more than one gene (polyggenic)
  • more influenced by environment
  • continuous variation
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27
Q

2 Effects of selection

A
  • directional selection

- stabilising selection

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28
Q

Directional selection

A
  • favouring individuals that vary from the mean
  • changes characteristics
  • most resistant middle of graph
    Phenotypes selected and genotypes selected indirectly
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29
Q

Stabilising selection

A
  • favouring average individuals
  • preserves characteristics for specific conditions
  • stable condition
  • phenotypes at extremes are selected against and genotypes selected indirectly
  • range of phenotypes reduced
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30
Q

Mutations are …

A
  1. Random and rare
  2. Most harmful and lead to death
  3. Those that lead to an advantage are due to chance
  4. Large bacterial populations = greater chance
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31
Q

Adaptations due to natural section (3)

A

Anatomical (shorter ears / thicker fur)
Physiological (oxidising fat instead of carbs for more water)
Behavioural (e.g migration)

32
Q

Reproduction

A
  • organisms reproduce to increase survival overtime

- females of most species produce eggs at specific times

33
Q

What does production of eggs at a specific time lead to

A

A selection pressure on courtship behaviour

34
Q

What does courtship behaviour allow (3)

A
  1. Recognise members of the same species
  2. Identify sexually mature mate
  3. Form pair bond = successful mating and offspring
  4. beign able to breed by brining members of the opposite sex together
35
Q

Classification

A
  • organisation of living organisms into groups
36
Q

+ of classifying

A
  • better communication
  • avoiding confusion / mistakes because everyone sticks to same name
  • universal
  • understood by taxonomists
37
Q

2 types of classification

A
  • artificial

- phylogenetic

38
Q

Artificial classification

A
  • Grouping organisms based on features that are useful at the time
  • evolutionary origins a different / not considered
39
Q

Phylogenetic classification

A
  • based on evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • shared homologous detoured derived from evolutionary ancestors
  • hierarchies which don’t overlap
40
Q

E.g of phylogenetic and artificial classification

A 
Artificial = colour , size 
Phylogenetic = fossils , dna analysis
41
Q

Taxonomic ranks (carl worse)

A 
Domain (Divine)
Kingdom (Kings)
Phylum (Play)
Class (Chess)
Order (On)
Family (Fat)
Genus (Green)
Species (Stools)
42
Q

Taxon

A

Each group within a phylogenetic biological classification

43
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of taxonomic ranks

44
Q

Domain

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukaryota
45
Q

Binomial system

A
  • 1st name = capital (genus)

- 2nd name (species / sp if unknown)

46
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Oldest species at base and most recent at ends of branches

47
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationship between organisms

48
Q

History of classification

A
  • Aristotle = first taxonomists

- binomial system = carols Linnaeus

49
Q

Biodiversity

A

Number and variety of living organism in a particular area

50
Q

Species diversity

A

Number of different species an number or individuals of each species within a community

51
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Variety of genes possessed by individuals that make up a population
- number of different alleles within a population

52
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Range of different habitats from a small local habitat to the whole earth

53
Q

Species richness

A

Number of different species in a particular area at a given time

54
Q

Diversity index

A

D = N(N-1) / {n(n-1)
+ quantitative Data
D = index of diversity
N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number of organisms of each species
{ = sum of

55
Q

Why is species richness not helpful for comparisons

A

2 communities may have the s we number of species but in different proportions

56
Q

Ecosystem

A
  • Community of organisms and the habitats they live in

- develop overtime and form complex communities with huge biodiversity

57
Q

E.g ecosystems

A
  • rainforest
  • mountain
  • desert
  • tundra
58
Q

Artificial ecosystem

A
  • artificial (human control)

- farmers select desired species

59
Q

Agricultural ecosystems : high or low genetic diversity

A

Low (genetic diversity , species richness , index of diversity)

60
Q

Low biodiversity =

A
  • few species dominate so fewer habitats / richness
  • variety decreases (plants/insects/animals)
  • variety of food decreases
  • global living system becomes increasingly unstable
61
Q

Practices that have removed habitats and reduced species diversity

A
  • agricultural ecosystems
  • economy (desired characteristic thrive)
  • pesticides
62
Q

Effect of intensive food production

A

Fewer habitats

63
Q

Practices that have directly removed habitats

A
  • removal of hedgerows / grubbing woodland
  • creating mono cultures (same crops)
  • filling ponds / draining marsh
  • over grazing
  • pesticides
  • absence of crop rotation
64
Q

Conservation / management techniques :

A
  • maintain hedgerows / plants
  • maintain ponds
  • leave wet corners of fields
  • plant native trees
  • no pesticides l / organic fertilisers
  • natural meadows
  • leave cutting of field edges after flowering
  • conservation headlands
65
Q

How to determine evolutionary relationships (direct)

A
  • physical characteristics

- observe proteins / enzymes

66
Q

How to determine evolutionary relationships (indirect)

A
  • observe amino acid sequence
  • mRNA sequence
  • DNA sequence
67
Q

Problems with observable characteristics

A
  • some characteristics are polygenic (more alleles)

- environment may have more of an influence than thought

68
Q

Comparing DNA sequences

A
  • read DNA sequence of any organism

- determine the Exact order of nucleotide bases

69
Q

Comparing DNA sequences : +

A

+ now automated machines
+each base tagged with colour
Adenine(green)guanine (yellow)thymine(red)cytosine(blue)
+Produces a heat map which can be compared

70
Q

Comparing DNA sequences : after speciation

A
  • DNA sequences of new species are similar so they accumulate random mutations over time
  • As a result more closely related species show more DNA similarities=phylogenetic classification
71
Q

Comparing DNA sequences : more mutation

A

More mutations = less similar to original

72
Q

Comparing mRNA

A
  • mRNA is coded for by DNA
  • mRNA Is complimentary to DNA
  • Compare DNA diversity and therefore genetic diversity
73
Q

Comparing amino acid sequence : amino acid determined by

A

MRNA which is determined by DNA sequence

74
Q

Comparing amino acid sequence : used to compare ?

A

Used to compare genetic diversity

75
Q

Comparing amino acid sequence : closer related =

A

More similarities in amino acid sequence

Biology R (7 decks)

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