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Biology R > Biological Molecules : Neuclotides + Water > Flashcards

Biological Molecules : Neuclotides + Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleic acids ?

A

Group of the most important molecules

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2
Q

Best known nucleic acids

A

RNA and DNA

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3
Q

What does RNA stand for ?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What does DNA stand for ?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

What makes DNA recognisable ?

A

Double helix structure

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6
Q

What is a polynucleotide ?

A

Strand of DNA or RNA made from mononucleotides

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7
Q

Nucleotide structure: 3 components

A
  • pentose sugar
  • phosphate group
  • a nitrogen containing organic base
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8
Q

Nucleotide structure: How are the 3 components joined ?

A

Condensation reaction to form.a mononucleotid e

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9
Q

Nucleotide structure: Bond when 2 mononucleotides join ?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

Nucleotide structure: order of nucleotides

A

Mononucleotides + dinucleotide + polynucleotide

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11
Q

RNA : What is RNA ?

A
  • A polymer made of nucleotides which transfers genetic material from DNA to ribosomes
  • ribosomes made of protein and another type of RNA
  • 3rd type involved in protein synthesis
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12
Q

RNA : Bases

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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13
Q

RNA : Pentose sugar

A

Ribose

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14
Q

DNA : who worked out the structure of DNA ?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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15
Q

DNA : Whose work did crick and Watson follow ?

A

Rosalind franklin

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16
Q

DNA : Bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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17
Q

DNA : pentose sugar

A

Deoxyribose

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18
Q

DNA : What is DNA made of ?

A

Double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains joined by hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases

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19
Q

Base pairing : specific pairing

A

A-T

G-C

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20
Q

Base pairing : Adenine is said to be ….. to thymine

A

Complimentary

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21
Q

Double helix : how is it formed ?

A

Uprights of phosphate and deoxyribose wind around

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22
Q

Function : phosphodiester backbone

A

Prevents organic bases reacting with the environment

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23
Q

Function : Long molecule

A

Store lots of information

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24
Q

Function : Double helix

A

Makes DNA compact

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25
Q

Function : Weak H bonds join base pairings

A

Easily broken for DNA replication

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26
Q

Function : Double stranded

A

Allow replication from template strands to occur

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27
Q

Function : Base sequence

A

Allows information to be stored

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28
Q

Function : Base stacking

A

Makes DNA stable

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29
Q

How is DNA replicated

A
  1. dna helical causes strands separate when H bonds break
  2. both strands act as templates
  3. free nucleotides attract and H bonds reform to complimentary base pairings
  4. DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides
  5. semi conservative replication ( one old an one new)
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30
Q

Cell division : nuclear division

A

Nucleus divides (mitosis/meiosis)

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31
Q

Cell division : Cytokinesis

A

Whole cell divides

32
Q

Cell division : What should happen before nucleus divides

A

DNA replication

33
Q

Semi conservative replication : 4 requirements

A
  1. 4 types of nucleotide with bases
  2. both dna strands to act as a template
  3. enzyme DNA polymerase
  4. source of chemical energy
34
Q

Who conformed the semi conservative model

A

Meselson and stahl

35
Q

What are the 3 models

A

Fully conservative . Semi conservative and dispersive model

36
Q

Proof it was semi conservative

A

2 bands formed : lighter N14 and heavier N14 and N15 mixed

37
Q

ATP : What does it stand for ?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

38
Q

Main energy source to carry out processes in cells

A

ATP

39
Q

Uses of ATP

A
  1. provide energy for processes like a.t

2. add phosphates to other substances to make them more reactive

40
Q

Structure of ATP : 3 parts

A

Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphates

41
Q

ATP storing energy:describe bonds between phosphate groups

A

Unstable so they have a low activation energy = easily broken

42
Q

ATP storing energy : what happens when bond is broken between phosphate groups

A

Removal of last phosphate releases energy

43
Q

Releasing energy (ATP) : equation

A

ATP + H20 = ADP + Pi

44
Q

Releasing energy (ATP) : equation (Pi)

A

Inorganic phosphate (doesn’t contain carbon )

45
Q

Releasing energy (ATP) : what is required to convert ATP to ADP

A

Water through hydrolysis reaction

46
Q

Releasing energy (ATP) : which enzyme catalysts the reaction

A

ATP hydrolase

47
Q

Synthesis of ATP : what type of reaction is conversion of ATP and ADP

A

Reversible reaction

48
Q

Synthesis of ATP : Which enzyme catalyses this reaction

A

ATP synthase

49
Q

Synthesis of ATP : What is removed in this reaction

A

Water

50
Q

Synthesis of ATP : Condensation or hydrolysis reaction ?

A

Condensation reaction

51
Q

Synthesis of ATP : What does synthesis of ATP from DP require

A

Addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP

52
Q

Roles of ATP : Why is ATP a better immediate source of energy than glucose

A
  • each atp mol releases less energy so is in more manageable quantities
  • hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy
53
Q

Roles of ATP : Why do humans need to make a lot of ATP everyday

A

ATP cannot be stored and it’s released in small amount so you need a constant supply from mitochondria of cell

54
Q

Suitable energy for cells : released in small amounts (s)

A

Less energy wasted as heat

55
Q

Suitable energy for cells : Doesn’t leave cell (s)

A

Highly reactive

56
Q

Suitable energy for cells : soluble in cytoplasm (s)

A

Most chemical reaction in solution so its more likely to cause a reaction

57
Q

Suitable energy for cells : Rapidly resynthesised (s)

A

Only add 1 phosphate

58
Q

Suitable energy for cells : Instant energy (s)

A

Only a single reaction where one bond is broken

59
Q

What is water made up of ?

A

2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to 1 oxygen atom

60
Q

Water : polar on non-polar

A

Polar / dip Olaf

61
Q

Water : Electric charge ?

A

Neutral but electrons are not distributed uniformly

62
Q

Water : attractive force between opposite charges

A

Hydrogen bond which allow water to stick together

63
Q

Water : Permanent or non permanent structure

A

-Not permanent. -bonds break and reform as H20 molecules move around

64
Q

Water properties : polar

A

Acts as a good solvent so chemical reactions can occur faster

65
Q

Water properties : Reactive

A

Used in hydrolysis reactions

66
Q

Water properties : High SHC

A

Acts as a buffer against sudden temperature variations making the environment stable

67
Q

Water properties : adhesive and cohesive

A

Movement through xylem

68
Q

Water importance: metabolism

A
  • break many complex molecules via hydrolysis

- raw material in photosynthesis

69
Q

Water importance: solvent

A

Readily dissolves in other substances

70
Q

Other water properties

A
  • transparent

- variable density

71
Q

Inorganic ions : iron

A

Haemoglobin where they transport o2

72
Q

Inorganic ions : Phosphate

A

Structural role in dna and storing ATP molecules

73
Q

Inorganic ions : H ions

A

Determining PH of solutions and function of enzymes

74
Q

Inorganic ions : Sodium

A

Transport of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes

75
Q

Similarities between moveenment of water and inorganic ions

A
  • move against a concentration gradient

- both move through (protein) channels in the membrane

76
Q

Contrast between movement of water and ions

A

Ions can move against a concentration gradient via a.t.

Biology R (7 decks)

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