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Biology R > Biological Molecules : Digestion > Flashcards

Biological Molecules : Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : salivary amylase (substrate)

A

Starch

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2
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : salivary amylase (product)

A

Maltose

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3
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : salivary amylase (how’s it made)

A

Salivary gland

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4
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : salivary amylase (acts?)

A

Mouth

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5
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : salivary amylase (breaks which bond)

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic

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6
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : pancreatic amylase (substrate)

A

Starch

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7
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : pancreatic amylase (product)

A

Maltose

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8
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : pancreatic amylase (made?)

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : pancreatic amylase (acts?)

A

Ileum

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10
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : pancreatic amylase (break bond)

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : maltase (substrate)

A

Maltose

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12
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : maltase (product)

A

Alpha glucose x2

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13
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : maltase (made?)

A

Lining of ileum

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14
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : maltase (acts?)

A

I’m ileum

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15
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : maltase (breaks bond)

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : lactase (substrate)

A

Lactose

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17
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : lactase (product)

A

Alpha glucose + galactose

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18
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : lactase (made)

A

Lining of ileum

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19
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : lactase (acts)

A

Ileum

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20
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : sucrase (substrate)

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : sucrase (product)

A

Alpha glucose + fructose

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22
Q

Carbohydrate digestion : sucrase (Made?)

A

Lining of ileum

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23
Q

What is digestion ?

A

Hydrolysis of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules

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24
Q

What are the 3 membrane bound disaccharidases

A
  • Maltase
  • lactase
  • sucrase
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25
Q

Chemical digestion: how is chemical digestion carried out ?

A

Carried out by enzymes via hydrolysis

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26
Q

Chemical digestion: What is hydrolysis

A

Splitting of molecules by adding water to chemical bonds

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27
Q

Carbohydrates hydrolyse …

A

Carbohydrates to monosaharides

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28
Q

Lipases hydrolyse ….

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

Pro teases hydrolyse …

A

Proteins into amino acids

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30
Q

Lipid digestion : What happens prior to enzyme action ?

A

Process called emulsification

31
Q

Lipid digestion : What does emulsification do ?

A
  • Increases s.a of lipids so action of lipases is sped up

- faster hydrolysis for Ester bonds

32
Q

Lipid digestion : What are lipids split into ?

A

Micelles by bile salts in liver

33
Q

Lipid digestion : lipase (substrate)

A

Triglycerides

34
Q

Lipid digestion : lipase (Product)

A

Monogyleceride + 2 fatty acids

35
Q

Lipid digestion : lipase (Made?)

A
  • pancreas

- lining of ileum

36
Q

Lipid digestion : lipase (Acts?)

37
Q

Lipid digestion : lipase (Bond broken)

A

Ester bond

38
Q

Protein digestion : What group are proteins hydrolysed by ?

A

Group of enzymes called peptidases

39
Q

Protein digestion : 3 different peptidases

A
  • endopeptidases
  • exopeptidases
  • dipeptidases
40
Q

Protein digestion : Endopeptidase (substrate)

A

Polypeptides

41
Q

Protein digestion : Endopeptidase (Product)

A

Smaller peptides

42
Q

Protein digestion : Endopeptidase (Made?)

A
  • stomach

- pancreas

43
Q

Protein digestion : Endopeptidase (Acts?)

A

-stomach

Ileum

44
Q

Protein digestion : Endopeptidase (Bond broken)

A

Peptide bond

45
Q

Protein digestion : Exopeptidase (substrate)

A
  • smaller peptides

- polypeptides

46
Q

Protein digestion : Exopeptidase (Product)

A
  • amino acids

- dipeptides

47
Q

Protein digestion : Exopeptidase (Acts)

A
  • stomach

- ileum

48
Q

Protein digestion : Exopeptidase (Made)

A
  • stomach

- pancreas

49
Q

Protein digestion : Exopeptidase (Bond broken)

A
  • peptide bond
50
Q

Protein digestion : dipeptidase (substrate)

51
Q

Protein digestion : dipeptidase (Product)

A

Amino acids

52
Q

Protein digestion : dipeptidase (Made?)

A

Lining of ileum

53
Q

Protein digestion : dipeptidase (Acts?)

54
Q

Protein digestion : dipeptidase (Bond broken)

A

Peptide bond

55
Q

Adaptations of ileum : Inner wall folded into villi

A

increases s.a for absorption

56
Q

Adaptations of ileum : One cell thick

A

Decreases diffusion distance

57
Q

Adaptations of ileum : Many capillaries

A

Maintains diffusion gradient

58
Q

Adaptations of ileum : Epithelial cells have microvilli

A

Increases s.a for absorption

59
Q

Adaptations of ileum : what are microvilli

A

Folds within their membrane

60
Q

Adaptations of ileum : Epithelial cells have lots of mitochondria

A

Increase active transport

61
Q

Absorption of glucose / amino acids : step 1

A

Step 1 = sodium ions are actively transported from the epithelial cell into blood by carrier proteins

62
Q

Absorption of glucose / amino acids : step 2

A

Lowers the concentration of sodium in cell relative to blood and lumen

63
Q

Absorption of glucose / amino acids : step 3 + 4

A
  • Sodium enters epithelial cell via a carrier proteins with a glucose molecule via facilitated diffusion
  • glucose enters blood via f.d
64
Q

Absorption of glucose / amino acids : step 5

A

Sodium travels down a concentration gradient whereas glucose travels up

65
Q

Absorption of lipids : fat digestion order

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. smaller droplets of triglycerides
  3. monoglycerides + 2 fatty acids
  4. micells
66
Q

Absorption of lipids:when the Micelle breaks down at the epithelial cell , what is released ?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

67
Q

Absorption of lipids: why do monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse

A

Noon-polar molecules

68
Q

Absorption of lipids: Why do the micelles need to be digested before entering cell?

A

So they can diffuse through cell

69
Q

Absorption of lipids: Once inside the cell where are mg and f.a transported

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum where they reform into triglyceride
70
Q

Absorption of lipids: After e.r ?

A

Transported to Golgi apparatus = associate with cholesterol and lipoproteins to produce chylomicrons

71
Q

Absorption of lipids: What are chylomicrons ?

A

Special particles adapted for the transport of lipids

72
Q

Absorption of lipids: How do chylomicrons move out of cell ?

A

Exocytosis

73
Q

Absorption of lipids: After exocytosis where do chylomicrons enter ?

A

Capillaries called lacteals at centre of each villus

Biology R (7 decks)

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