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Biology R > DNA , GENES , PS > Flashcards

DNA , GENES , PS Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide and functional RNA

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2
Q

What to genes determine ?

A

Nature and development of all organsisms

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3
Q

The gene is a base sequence of DNA that codes for :

A
  • amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

- functional RNA

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4
Q

How many amino acids in protein

A

20

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5
Q

Each amino acid has

A

Own code of bases on the DNA

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6
Q

What combo die scientists agree on ?

A

4^3 = 64 codes

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7
Q

Triplet

A

3 bases on strand of DNA

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8
Q

Codon

A

Bases for RNA

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9
Q

Features of genetic code : degenerate

A

More than one amino acid can code for one base sequence

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10
Q

Features of genetic code : Way they’re read

A

Each triplet code is read in same direction (5’ to 3’)

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11
Q

Features of genetic code : Stop codes

A

3 triplets code for no amino acids which leads to stop codes so its the end of the gene

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12
Q

Features of genetic code : Non overlapping

A

Each code is only read once

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13
Q

Features of genetic code : Universal

A

Each triplet codes for same amino acid in every organism

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14
Q

Why is the genetic code degenerate but not ambiguous

A

Multiple triplet codes for amino acids but these same triplets will alway code for same amino acids

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15
Q

Exons

A

Coding sequences of bases

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16
Q

How are introns removed

A
  • splicing

- removed from pre messenger RNA after transcription

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17
Q

Eukaryotic DNA vs prokaryotic DNA

A
  • Very long (e)-short (p)
  • linear(e)-ring structure(p)
  • chromosomes(e)-no chromosomes(p)
  • associated with proteins/histones (e)-not associated with proteins(p)
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18
Q

Mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA

A

Same as prokaryotic

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19
Q

Chromosome structure : Chromatin

A

Within the nucleus of resting phase (interphase) DNA exists in form of chromatin

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20
Q

Chromosome structure : Sister chromatids

A

2 daughter strands connected by a centromere

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21
Q

Chromosome structure : Why is each thread called a chromatid

A

DNA has replicated to give 2 identical molecules

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22
Q

Chromosome structure : What is DNA in chromosomes held by and what is the function of protein in chromosomes

A

Histones

- fix dna into position

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23
Q

Chromosome structure : Length of DNA in each cell

A
  • 2m in every human cell

- highly coiled an folded

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24
Q

Chromosome structure : What does a chromosomes contain

A

Single molecule of DNA which has many genes along it

- each gene has a locus (specific position ) along the DNA molecule

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25
Q

Locus

A

Location of gene on the strand of DNA / chromosome

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26
Q

Chromosome structure : what happens after helix I wound around histones

A
  • dna-histone complex coiled and looped to be packaged into a chromosome
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27
Q

Homologous chromosomes : what are they ?

A
  • pair of chromosomes
  • one maternal and one paternal
  • Same gene loci which determines the same features
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28
Q

Homologous chromosomes : same genes but not

A

Same alleles of the genes

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29
Q

Homologous chromosomes : total diploid number

A

46

30
Q

Homologous chromosomes : diploid

A

Nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes

31
Q

Homologous chromosomes : haploid

A

Cells that only contain a single copy of each chromosome

32
Q

Karyotyping

A

Way to analyse chromosomes

33
Q

Alleles : what is an allele ?

A

Alternative forms of a gene

34
Q

Alleles : What happens when alleles are different ?

A

Each allele has different base sequence so they have a different amino acid sequence = different polypeptide

35
Q

Alleles : Changes to base sequence of a gene =

A
  • Production of new allele of that gene (mutation) so results in a different sequence of amino acids
  • different amino acids = different polypeptide = different protein
36
Q

Alleles : What happens when proteins change shape

A
  • function damaged because new shape is not complimentary which can have serious consequences on an organism
37
Q

RNA

A

Ribonuceic acid

38
Q

RNA : where does synthesis of proteins occur

A

cytoplasm

39
Q

RNA : what are sections of DNA transcribed onto

A

transcribed onto a single stranded molecule of RNA

40
Q

RNA : RNA triplet

A

codon

41
Q

RNA : DNA vs RNA

A

double stranded helix - single stranded
longer - shorter
ATCG-AUCG
deoxyribose sugar - ribose sugar

42
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell

43
Q

Complete Proteome

A

Full range of proteins produced by a genome

44
Q

RNA

A
  • polymer made of repeating mononucleotide sub units
  • pentose sugar ribose
  • bases = AUCG
  • phosphate
45
Q

mRNA

A
  • long strand arranged in a single helix

- mRNA leaves the nucleus via pores in the nuclear envelope where it associates with ribosomes

46
Q

How is mRNA adapted

A
  • acts as a template for protein synthesis

- possessed information in the form of codons which determines the amino acid sequence of a a specific polypeptide

47
Q

tRNA

A
  • small molecule
  • folded into a cloverleaf shape
  • bind to specific amino acid with an anticodon specific to that amino acid
48
Q

What happens to an anticodon during protein synthesis

A

Pairs with 3 complimentary organic bases that make up the codon on mRNA

49
Q

Transcription

A

Complementary section is made from a molecule called pre-mRNA

50
Q

Translation

A

mRNA used as a template so complimentary tRNA attach to amino acids to form a polypeptide

51
Q

tRNA vs mRNA

A 
Base pairing - no base pairing 
Cloverleaf - linear 
AA binding side - no AA binding site 
Standard/shorter- longer 
Few(64)-many kinds 
More stable due to H bonds - less stable
52
Q

Transcription : steps

A
  1. DNA strands in the nucleus are separated by breaking H bonds
  2. DNA helicase (enzyme) used and template strand produced
  3. Free RNA nucleotides attracted to exposed DNA bases
  4. RNA nucleotides undergo complimentary base pairing
  5. Adjacent RNA nucleotides are joined by RNA polymerase
  6. Pre-mRNA formed and splicing of pre-mRNA removes introns to form mRNA
53
Q

Prokaryotic DNA

A

Doesn’t have introns

54
Q

Translation : steps

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribose
  2. Ribose moves along to a start codon
  3. tRNA carry specific amino acids to mRNA
  4. Anticodon , of tRNA,binds to complimentary mRNA
  5. Ribosomes moves to next codon
  6. Process repeats and amino acids are joined by peptide bonds via condensation reaction
55
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of nuclear division where number of chromosomes is halved

56
Q

What type of cells are meiosis for

A

Reproductive

Testes / ovaries

57
Q

IPMAT in meiosis

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase (cytokinesis)
PMAT repeated
58
Q

Meiosis : interphase

A
  • diploid
  • growth and DNA replication
  • sister chromatids form and are held together by the centromere
59
Q

Meiosis : prophase 1

A
  • homologous chromosomes pair up randomly ( independent assortment/segregation )
  • crossing over which form chiasmatas and they recombine
  • allele exchange introduces variation and spindle fibres form
  • nucleus breaks down
60
Q

Meiosis : metaphase 1

A
  • spindle fibres line up bivalents along the middle
61
Q

Meiosis : anaphase 1

A
  • spindle fibres contract and separate bivalents to opposite sides
62
Q

Meiosis : telophase 1 + cytokinesis 1

A
  • 2 nuclei (telophase)
  • cell membrane and cytoplasm divide
  • 2 daughter cells
  • diploid to haploid
63
Q

Meiosis : prophase 2

A
  • nucleus breaks down and spindles form
64
Q

Meiosis : metaphase 2

A
  • chromosomes line up in the middle
65
Q

Meiosis : anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separated at centromere

66
Q

Meiosis : telophase 2

A
  • new nuclei forms
67
Q

Meiosis : cytokinesis 2

A

4 unique gametes formed

68
Q

Meiosis : what causes genetic variation

A
  • independent assortment and choosing over to form chiasmatas
69
Q

Advantages of dna being stable

A
  • passed generation to generation without damage which maintains similarity between parents
  • mutations can be harmful
70
Q

Advantage of mRNA being easily broken down

A
  • only needed at certain times so only used and made when needed

Biology R (7 decks)

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