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Biology R > Biological Molecules : Carbs + Lipids > Flashcards

Biological Molecules : Carbs + Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates : what are polymers ?

A

Large , complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers together

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2
Q

Carbohydrates : what are monomers ?

A

Small , basic molecular units from which form larger molecules

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3
Q

Carbohydrates : General terms

A
  • monomers
  • dimers
  • polymers
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4
Q

Carbohydrates : Specific Terms

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharide
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5
Q

Carbohydrates : All carbohydrates contain …

A

Carbon ( C )
Hydrogen ( H )
Oxygen ( O )

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6
Q

Biological Molecules ( 5 )

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • water
  • lipids
  • nucleotides
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7
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Monomers

A
  • monosaccharides
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
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8
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
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9
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Disaccharides

A
  • alpha glucose + alpha glucose = maltose ( reducing sugars )
  • alpha glucose + galactose molecule = lactose ( reducing sugars )
  • alpha glucose + fructose = sucrose ( non-reducing sugars )
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10
Q

Carbohydrates : Examples of Polysaccharides

A
  • starch ( plants )
  • cellulose ( plants )
  • glycogen ( animals )
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11
Q

Carbohydrates : What do condensation reactions do ?

A

Join monosaccharides together

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12
Q

Carbohydrates : What is a condensation reaction ?

A

Two molecules join together with the formation of new chemical bonds and a water molecule is released when the bond is formed

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13
Q

Carbohydrates : What is the bond called when two monosaccharides join ?

A

Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

Carbohydrates : How is a disaccharide formed ?

A

Two monosaccharides join together

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15
Q

Carbohydrates : What breaks polymers down ?

A

Polymers are broken down with monomers by a hydrolysis reaction

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16
Q

Carbohydrates : What is a hydrolysis reaction ?

A

Hydrolysis reaction breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule

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17
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test :reducing sugars

A

Reducing sugars include all monosaccharides and some disaccharides (maltose + lactose)

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18
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test (Reducing Sugars)

A
  1. Add blue benedicts reagent
  2. Heat in a water bath
  3. If the test is positive a coloured precipitate will form
  4. Higher concentration of RS = further the colour change
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19
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test : negative result

A

If results are negative there could be a non reducing sugar present

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20
Q

Carbohydrates : Bendedicts Test : test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. Break sugars down into monosaccharides
  2. Add hydrochloric acid to hydrolyse
  3. Add sodium hydroxide to neutralise
  4. Carry out benedicts test for reducing sugars
  5. If test is positive it will form a coloured precipitate
  6. If its negative the solution will stay blue = no sugar
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21
Q

Carbohydrates : How is a polysaccharide formed ?

A

More than 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a condensation reaction

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22
Q

Carbohydrates : what is the main energy store in plants ?

A

Starch

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23
Q

Carbohydrates : what is starch ?

A
  • an energy store that forms grains in the cytoplasm/chloroplasts
  • a polysaccharide of alpha glucose via condensation reactions to form alpha 1-4 gylcocidic bonds and some alpha 1-6 glycocidic bonds
24
Q

Carbohydrates : what is glycogen ?

A

Polysaccharide of alpha glucose joined by condensation reaction to form alpha 1-4 glycocidic bonds and many alpha 1-6 glycocidic bonds

25
Q

Carbohydrates : what does glycogen form and where ?

A

Granular in the liver , muscles and bacterial cells

26
Q

Carbohydrates : what is cellulose ?

A
  • structural polysaccharide that makes the cell wall

- polysaccharide of beta glucose joined via condensation reaction to form beta 1-4 glycocidic bonds

27
Q

Carbohydrates : main feature of cellulose (structure)

28
Q

Carbohydrates : structure + function of starch

A

Large molecule (s) = doesn’t diffuse out of the cell (f)
Insoluble (s) = doesn’t dissolve in cytoplasm (f)
Alpha helix shape (s) = compact energy store (f)
Branched (s) = alpha glucose can be rapidly hydrolysed for respiration

29
Q

Carbohydrates : structure and function of glycogen

A

Large molecule (s) = doesn’t diffuse out of the cell (f)
Insoluble (s) = doesn’t dissolve in cytoplasm (f)
Alpha helix shape (s) = compact energy store (f)
Branched (s) = alpha glucose can be rapidly hydrolysed for respiration

30
Q

Carbohydrates : structure + function of cellulose

A

Many beta glucose molecules (s) = form straight long chains-building material (f)
Hydrogen bonds form between cellulose chains (s) = strength (f)
Many cellulose chains form microfibrils (s) = fibres make cell wall (f)

31
Q

Carbohydrates : what test do you use for starch ?

A

Iodine test

  • add iodine dissolved in potassium iodine solution to test sample
  • if starch is present = browny/orange to blue/black colour
32
Q

Lipids : what are lipids and what are they used for ?

A 
Biological molecules of c,h,o
Used: -
-cell membranes 
-energy store
-waterproofing (insoluble/non polar)
-insulation 
-protection of organisms
33
Q

Lipids : what are triglycerides ?

A

Type of lipid

34
Q

Lipids : what are triglycerides made of ?

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol

35
Q

Lipids : fatty acid molecules

A
  • long tails made of hydrocarbons
  • hydrophobic = insoluble in water
  • tail varies
36
Q

Lipids : how are triglycerides formed ?

A

Condensation reaction

37
Q

Lipids : what happens during a condensation reaction for triglycerides ?

A

Fatty acid joins to glycerol molecule and water is released when Ester bond forms
- process happens twice more

38
Q

Lipids : what are saturated fatty acids ?

A

Don’t have any double bonds between carbon atoms so they’re saturated with hydrogen atoms

39
Q

Lipids : what are mono-saturated/unsaturated fatty acids ?

A

Have at least one double bond between carbon atoms which causes chain to kink

40
Q

Lipids : what are poly saturated fatty acids ?

A

Has more than one double bond between carbon atoms E.G oils at RT

41
Q

Lipids : what are phospholipids ?

A

Lipids that are found in cell membranes

42
Q

Lipids : how are phospholipids different to triglycerides ?

A

One of the fatty acid molecules are replaced with a phosphate which I hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

43
Q

Lipids : main use of triglycerides ?

A

Energy store for molecules

44
Q

Lipids : why are triglycerides good used as energy storage molecules ?

A
  • insoluble so water isn’t drawn into cell via osmosis
  • high ratio C-H bonds which acts as an energy store
  • low mass-energy ratio making them good for storage as it can be stored in low volume
45
Q

Lipids : what do phospholipids make up ?

A

Bilayer of cell membranes and these control what enters and leaves the cell

46
Q

Lipids : describe structure of phospholipids

A
  • hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails so they form a double layer
  • centre Is hydrophobic so water-soluble substance cant pass easily
47
Q

Lipids : what test do you use for lipids ?

A

Emulsion test

48
Q

Lipids : what is the emulsion test ?

A
  1. shake test tube with ethanol so it dissolve s
  2. pour distilled water into solution
  3. if a milky emulsion forms the test is + and lipids are present
  4. more lipids = more noticeable the milky colour will be
49
Q

Preparing simple dilutions equation

50
Q

C1 in equation

A

concentration of stock

51
Q

V1 in equation

A

volume of stock to use

52
Q

C2 in equation

A

final concentration

53
Q

V2 in equation

A

final volume

54
Q

how are serial dilutions useful ?

A

useful for producing a series of solutions with a constant dilution factor

55
Q

Exam Technique : serial dilutions

A
  1. Add one part stock to 9 parts distilled water
  2. Mix well
  3. Repeat using 9 parts distilled water to 1 part 10-1,10-2 dilutions

Biology R (7 decks)

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