Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Biology and Genetics > Genes and proteins: Transcription of DNA into RNA > Flashcards

Genes and proteins: Transcription of DNA into RNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA transcription?

A

Part of gene expression process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is RNA translated?

A

To produce functional proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is genetic information from DNA transferred?

A

To proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DNA?

A

The primary store of inherited information.

Critical resource for cell, organism, population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can information from DNA be accessed?

A

It is un-packed.

Un-wound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to DNA after it is un-wound, un-packed?

A

It is exposed.

More susceptible to damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are DNA sequences/genes present?

A

As 1-2 copies per cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many of proteins/products of genes are required at one time?

A

Thousands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do DHA genes present as 1-2 copies per cell and thousand of their proteins are required at one time?

A

To make few ‘copies’ of a sequence –> use –> make hundreds products –> used by cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is DNA transcription?

A

The process of copying DNA genes into RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA?

A
  1. Chemically similar to DNA.
  2. Has a ribose sugar unit, not a deoxyribose sugar.
  3. Includes: A, C, G, U = bases.
  4. RNA Polymerase –> transcription –> template DNA strand and 4 bases copied.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which are the leading strands of synthesis in DNA transcription?

A

Template DNA strand + 4 bases of RNA copied.

3’-OH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many types of RNA exist in prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A

3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA in organisms required for?

A

Protein production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which are the 3 types of RNA in organisms?

A
  1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA).
  3. Messenger RNA (mRNA).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What types of RNA does DNA transcription produce?

A

All 3 types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of RNA focusses on converting inherited information in genes to proteins?

A

mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do some cells contain except from coding RNA?

A

Non-coding RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the types of non-coding RNA?

A
  1. Small nuclear RNA (SnRNA).
  2. Micro RNA (miRNA).
  3. Small interfering RNA (SiRNA).
  4. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of non-coding RNA species?

A

Regulation of transcription and translation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

It transports amino acids to protein synthesis site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

It combined with proteins –> form ribosomes to protein synthesis site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It directs amino acid sequence of proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of SnRNA?

A

It processes mRNA to mature in eukaryotes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of SiRNA?

A

It affects gene expression.

Used by scientist –> knock out a gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of miRNA?

A

It affects gene expression.

Important in growth and development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

For which organism was In vitro transcription demonstrated?

A

For Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Who and when was the first In vitro transcription demonstrated?

A

By Weiss and Hurwitz, in 1960.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where could they see RNA Polymerase?

A

On DNA.

Producing ‘tails’ of RNA in electron microscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is the simple in vitro system easy to understand?

A

It does not have other factors that regulate gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Of how many stages does transcription consist?

A

3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which are the 3 transcription stages?

A
  1. Initiation.
  2. Elongation.
  3. Termination.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which of the 3 stages of transcription could be interrupted to control gene transcription?

A

Any of the 3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which factors target the transcription stages?

A

Antibiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many subunits compose the E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) enzyme?

A

5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which are the 5 subunits of RNA Polymerase?

A 
2
α
β
β' 
ω
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the Holoenzyme include as the fifth subunit?

A

Sigma: σ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Sigma in the Holoenzyme?

A

A very large protein complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does RNAP synthesize?

A

mRNA.
rRNA.
tRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

For what is the RNAP/Core enzyme required?

A

For the polymerization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

For what is σ factor required?

A

For correct transcription.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does σ factor work?

A

It targets gene’s upstream region/operator: -35 and -10 sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why do bacteria have different Sigma factors?

A

To regulate different gene groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Sigma factor in bacteria?

A

The highest-order mean that regulates bacterial gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where does Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase bind?

A

To DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

By which factors is transcription controlled?

A

By non-coding DNA sequences.

47
Q

Of what do genes consist?

A

Of a central ‘coding’ sequence.

48
Q

In what is the central ‘coding’ sequence of genes translated?

A

In amino acids sequence.

49
Q

What do amino acids translate from genes make?

A

Protein.
Up-stream region.
Down-stream region.

50
Q

What do the up-stream and down-stream regions control?

A

Gene expression.

51
Q

What is the difference between eukaryote gene structure and prokaryote one?

A

Eukaryote is more complex.

52
Q

What do eukaryote gene structure and prokaryote have in common?

A

They include coding and non-coding sections.

53
Q

What does the σ subunit recognise in transcription?

A

The promoter sequence.

54
Q

What does the σ subunit allow once it recognises the promoter sequence in transcription?

A

Holoenzyme binding to DNA.

55
Q

Where does initiation of transcription occur?

A

At the start of transcription.

56
Q

Where does initiation of transcription occur?

A

Within the promoter.

57
Q

Which is the progress initiation of transcription take place?

A

5’- 3’direction.

From 3’- OH of RNA.

58
Q

What does the σ factor do after initiation stage ends?

A

It dissociates from the core enzyme.

59
Q

When does termination occur in transcription?

A

At/after transcriptional stop site –> Rho (p) factor binds –> termination occurs.

60
Q

What does RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognise first in initiation stage of transcription?

A

The promoter at -35 region.

61
Q

Where does RNA polymerase holoenzyme bind once it recognises the promoter at -35 region in initiation stage of transcription?

A

To the full promoter.

62
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind as initiation occur?

A

At the -10 region of the promoter.

63
Q

What happens once RNA polymerase bind to -10 region of the promoter?

A

DNA untwisting.

64
Q

As DNA untwists what happens?

A

RNA polymerase is orientated and begins transcription at +1.

65
Q

What happens in DNA untwisting process?

A

The two DNA strands melt apart.

Base-pairing first nucleotide to coding strand.

66
Q

What does Termination stage of transcription involve?

A

Hair-pin loop formation near mRNA end.

67
Q

What does the termination site include?

A

A GC-rich direct repeat + short poly-U sequence.

68
Q

What is the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

Much longer.

69
Q

How is the poly-A tail in mRNA used?

A

Uses poly-T anchor –> Isolates mRNA from active genes.

70
Q

How is transcription and translation in prokaryotes?

A

Tightly coupled.

71
Q

Which factors line up along mRNA in prokaryotes to produce proteins, as RNAP goes along DNA to produce mRNA?

A

Ribosomes.

72
Q

How is transcription-translation possible in vitro?

A

With 3H production.

14C-labelled proteins.

73
Q

What do 3H and 14C-labelled proteins production from transcription-translation production, allow?

A

Investigation of protein functions not able to occur in cells/cell lysates.

74
Q

What is the difference of coupled transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: Translation is the rule.

Eukaryotes: Translation does not occur.

75
Q

What is the difference of coupled transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: Translation is the rule.

Eukaryotes: Translation does not occur.

76
Q

When and where does transcription occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: In cytoplasm, at any stage of cell cycle.

Eukaryotes: In nucleus, at G1, G2 phases of cell cycle.

77
Q

Which factors synthesize mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in transcription, in prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic: A single RNAP.

Eukaryotic: RNAPs 1, 2, 3.

78
Q

What happens to RNA in order to produce proteins in eukaryotic transcription?

A

It is heavily modified before use: capping, tailing, splicing, export.

79
Q

What characteristic do eukaryotic RNAPs have?

A

Larger complexes.
Contain more subunits.
Maintain basic structure like prokaryotes RNAPs.

80
Q

Where do modifications in eukaryotic mRNA undergo?

A

In nucleus.

81
Q

When do modifications occur in eukaryotes’ nucleus?

A

Before being exported and translated.

82
Q

What do the modifications of mRNA in eukaryotes include?

A

5’ capping.
3’ poly-A tailing.
Splicing.

83
Q

What is ‘capping’?

A

A 3-step process.

84
Q

What are the 3 steps/enzymes of RNA ‘capping’?

A
  1. RNA triphosphatase.
  2. Guanylytransferase.
  3. Methyltransferase.
85
Q

When are the 3 capping RNA enzymes functional?

A

When they are attached to RNA polymerase 2 to produce RNA transcript.

86
Q

What do the 3 capping RNA enzyme do when they are attached to RNA polymerase 2?

A

They modify RNA transcript –> produce 7-methylguanosine cap at 5’ end.

87
Q

By what is the 3’ segment of the born pre-mRNA cleaved off?

A

By proteins.

88
Q

What do the proteins that cleave off the 3’ end of pre-mRNA then synthesize?

A

The poly A tail from the 3’ end.

89
Q

Where can the poly A tail then be added?

A

At one of the several possible sites.

90
Q

What does the addition of poly A on the sites allow?

A

Different transcripts mRNA to be produced from a single gene –> polyadenylation.

91
Q

Why is the tail important?

A

For nuclear export.
Translation.
mRNA stability.

92
Q

What happens to the tail over time?

A

It shortens.

93
Q

What happens to the mRNA when the tail is short enough?

A

It is enzymatically degraded.

94
Q

What does polyadenylation promote once it occurs in bacteria?

A

RNA degradation.

95
Q

What do eukaryote genes include?

A

Short protein-coding regions: exons.

Non-coding regions: introns.

96
Q

How are the introns removed from the RNA?

A

By ‘splicing’?

97
Q

Why are introns removed from the RNA?

A

To produce mature mRNA.

98
Q

Are exons removed from RNA during splicing?

A

Maybe.

99
Q

Why are exons removed from the RNA if they do?

A

To produce different mRNAs with lost protein sequences.

100
Q

By what factor hoes pre-mRNA undergo editing?

A

By the spliceosome.

101
Q

Why does pre-mRNA undergo editing by the spliceosome?

A

To remove introns and join exons, precisely –> produce mRNA

102
Q

Where does RNA splicing take place?

A

In the nucleus.

103
Q

When does splicing take place?

A

During/immediately after transcription.

104
Q

What is the spliceosome?

A

A complex of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins(snRNPs).

105
Q

What do self-splicing introns/ribozymes do?

A

They catalyse their own excision from their parent RNA molecule.

106
Q

What do alternative splicing patterns do?

A

Remove exons.
Link introns.
Related proteins expressed.

107
Q

What does transcription transfer?

A

Genetic information from DNA to RNA.

108
Q

What is the function of alternative processes intracting with transcription?

A

To change the outcome.

109
Q

Why is gene expression regulated?

A

For the cell to change in transcription –> respond to external conditions.

110
Q

Why can transcription be interrupted?

A

For the gene to be expressed.

111
Q

By what factor is pre-RNA modified?

A

By polyadenylation.

112
Q

Why is pre-RNA modified by polyadenylation?

A

To control stability.

To determine sequential coding end.

113
Q

Why does splicing remove exons?

A

To produce series of proteins which function relatively in different situations.

114
Q

What can be the result of mutations in regions?

A

Different genetic conditions.

Molecular Biology and Genetics (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions