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Molecular Biology and Genetics > DNA Replication and Chromosomes: DNA and Chromosomes > Flashcards

DNA Replication and Chromosomes: DNA and Chromosomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

How is DNA packaging within chromosomes characterised?

A

Not constant.

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2
Q

How are more active DNA regions packed?

A

Less lightly.

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3
Q

How are less lightly DNA packed regions shown?

A

As bands on the chromosome.

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4
Q

How is Heterochromatin packed?

A

Tightly packed.

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5
Q

In how many forms does heterochromatin come?

A

In 2 forms.

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6
Q

Which are the 2 forms of heterochromatin?

A
  1. Constitutive.

2. Facultative.

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7
Q

What is the constitutive heterochromatin?

A

A permanent structure.

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8
Q

What does the constitutive heterochromatin contain?

A

No active genes: centromeres, Y chromosome.

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9
Q

What is the facultative heterochromatin?

A

A temporary structure.

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10
Q

What does the facultative heterochromatin contain?

A

Genes which are switched off sometimes: regions for embryo development switched off after completed development.

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11
Q

How is euchromatin packed?

A

Loosely packed.

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12
Q

What does eychromatin contain?

A

Actively-expressed DNA.

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13
Q

How can the chromosome structures be described?

A

Length of the arms relative to central bodyz.

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14
Q

Which is the central body in the chromosome structure?

A

The centromere.

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15
Q

What does the centromere link during replication?

A

A pair of sister chromatids.

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16
Q

Where do protein spindles connect?

A

To the centromere.

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17
Q

How are the protein spindles connected to the centromere?

A

Via the kinetochore.

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18
Q

Why do protein spindles connect to the centromere?

A

To move chromosomes within the nucleus.

19
Q

What do telomeres define?

A

The end of the chromosome arms.

20
Q

What do the telomeres help determine?

A

Age.

21
Q

What happens to each chromosome during DNA replication?

A

It is duplicated.

22
Q

Why is each chromosome duplicated during DNA replication?

A

To form the classic ‘X’ chromosome structure.

23
Q

What does an individual have?

A

A copy of chromosomes from each parent.

24
Q

How does a copy of chromosomes from each parent called?

A

‘Chromosome pairs’.

25
Q

What do ‘chromosome pairs’ have?

A

Very similar sequences.

26
Q

What can ‘chromosome pairs’ do?

A

Recombine.

27
Q

What do ‘chromosome pairs’ give when they recombine?

A

Combinations of alleles.

28
Q

How many re-arrangement between sister chromosomes are possible?

A

All sorts of re-arrangements are possible.

29
Q

Which are the most often re-arrangements between sister chromosomes?

A

Moving/loosing large pieces of chromosomes.

30
Q

What is karyotyping?

A

A modern diagnostic tool.

31
Q

What can karyotyping identify?

A

Some genetic disorders.

32
Q

How is karyotype produced?

A

5mL venous blood –> add phytohemagglutinin + culture medium –> culture at 37 degrees for 3 days –> add colchicine + hypotonic saline –> cells fixed –> spread cell onto slide by dropping –> digest with trypsin and stain with Giemsa –> analyse ‘metaphase spread’ –> karyotype.

33
Q

What is a spectral karyotyping (SKY)?

A

A modern cytogenetic technique.

34
Q

What can SKY do?

A

Identify all 24 humans chromosomes at one time.

35
Q

How can SKY identify all human chromosomes at one time?

A

By using FISH probes.

36
Q

What can an automated software examine?

A

Each chromosome for irregular patterns suggestive for genetic re-arrangements/known genetic conditions.

37
Q

How can chromosomes be identified?

A

Based on size, shape and banding patterns.

38
Q

What did mating experiments produce?

A

‘Recombination maps’.

39
Q

What were the ‘recombination maps’ for?

A

Linking alleles with chromosomes.

40
Q

With what were ‘recombination maps’ compared?

A

Physical maps.

41
Q

What did physical maps incorporated?

A

DNA sequence.

42
Q

What did recombination and physical maps allow?

A

Isolation of specific sequences.
Investigation of gene function.
Mutations’ effect.

43
Q

For what are different types of map linking alleles and sequences valuable?

A

For population-level genetics.
Individual diagnostics.
Molecular biology investigations.

Molecular Biology and Genetics (15 decks)

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