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Molecular Biology and Genetics > Genes and proteins: One gene-one protein hypothesis > Flashcards

Genes and proteins: One gene-one protein hypothesis Flashcards

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1
Q

How can one gene be characterised?

A

As one protein hypothesis.

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2
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

It encodes information in the form of genes.

It is transcribed and translated –> produce functional proteins.

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3
Q

Where are genes linked?

A

To enzymes/functional proteins.

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4
Q

What is an individual’s genotype?

A

Their genetic make-up.

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5
Q

What is the phenotype of an individual?

A

The physical traits.

Characteristics.

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6
Q

By what is the phenotype influenced?

A

By genotype.

Environment.

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7
Q

How is the G-P map characterised?

A

Simple.

Direct.

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8
Q

What does the interaction of regulatory systems and pathways form?

A

Complex networks.

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9
Q

What do the complex networks formed by regulatory systems and pathways interactions, do?

A

Add additional complexity to G-P maps.

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10
Q

How do genes act?

A

Through enzymes’ production.

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11
Q

What is each gene responsible for?

A

Producing a single enzyme.

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12
Q

What does a single enzyme produced by a gene affect?

A

A step in the metabolic pathway.

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13
Q

Which hypothesis describes the relationship between genes and proteins?

A

‘one gene - one polypeptide’.

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14
Q

Who formulated the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

A

Francis Crick.

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15
Q

When was the Central Dogma formulated?

A

In 1957.

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16
Q

What does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology describe?

A

The flow of genetic information in a biological system from DNA to proteins.

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17
Q

When was the Central Dogma updated?

A

In 1970.

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18
Q

What did Crick said about the Central Dogma in 1970?

A

It deals with detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. Information cannot be transferred back from protein to protein or nucleic acid.

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19
Q

Why did ‘exceptions’ or ‘adjustments’ were made to the dogma as biology developed?

A

To facilitate new discoveries.

To better understand systems.

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20
Q

What does the dogma describe after all?

A

How information flows between DNA and RNA for replication.

How DNA via RNA makes produces proteins and gives a phenotype.

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21
Q

How were metabolic changes recognised?

A

Through mating experiments.

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22
Q

What was recognised in mating experiments responsible for metabolic mutations?

A

Phenotypes were not following Mendelian inheritance patterns.

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23
Q

What else can be responsible for metabolic mutations?

A

Enzymes.

Not linked to genetics.

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24
Q

What did Ephrussi and Beadle investigate in mid-1930?

A

The eye colour pigments of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies.

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25
Q

How were the ‘genes’ affecting eye colour appeared?

A

Serially dependent.

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26
Q

What was the result of pigments through transformations?

A

Normal red eyes.

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27
Q

What did different eye colour gene mutations disrupt?

A

Transformations at different points in series.

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28
Q

What are the Drosophila eye-colour pigments?

A

Complex chemicals.

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29
Q

How are Drosophila eye-colour pigments produced?

A

By a number of different enzymatic reactions.

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30
Q

What do Drosophila eye-colour pigments produce when combined?

A

Hues = αποχρώσεις.

31
Q

What was each gene responsible for?

A

For an enzyme acting in metabolic pathway of pigment synthesis.

32
Q

How did they study the metabolic pathways of eye-pigment?

A

By isolating pigments from the eyes of flies.

33
Q

Which organism made genetic studies of biochemical traits much easier, as they started isolating fly eye pigments?

A

Bread mould = Neurospora crassa.

34
Q

What is the organism Neurospora crassa?

A

Red bread mould from the phylum Ascomycota.

Eukaryotic.

35
Q

When was Neurospora crassa organism first isolated?

A

In 1843.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Neurospora crassa organism?

A
  1. Grows easy and fast.
  2. Haploid life cycle –> traits show in offspring.
  3. Spores in sacks in order –> planted in media.
  4. Mutated by X-rays when growing on different media.
37
Q

How can the sacks of spores in Neurospora crassa be removed?

A

By using micro-dissectors.

When planted in new media –> grow –> analysis.

38
Q

What can happen in Mapping experiments of Neurospora?

A

Different strains –> mated –> produce ascospores/sacks –> dissected out –> transferred to fresh agar plates.

39
Q

What can be determined from the Neurospora mapping experiments?

A

Offspring’s phenotype.

40
Q

What did each offspring had inherited in mapping experiments?

A

2 different genes.

41
Q

What can we determine by separating the 2 different genes that inherit offspring?

A

Offspring’s genetic recombination.

42
Q

What is the aim of using Neurospora crassa in Beadle and Tatum’s experiment?

A

To link biochemistry of arginine biosynthesis to enzymes and genes.

43
Q

Where can Neurospora grow?

A

On minimal media without additional nutrients.

44
Q

What can Neurospora produce?

A

All compounds needed for growth.
Amino acids.
Arginine.

45
Q

What were scientists able to do by isolating arginine mutants in Beadle and Tatum’s experiment with Neurospora crassa?

A

To place enzyme action into biosynthesis pathway –> produce arginine.

46
Q

What happens in Isolating arginine mutants process?

A
  1. Neurospora –> exposed to –> X-rays –> mutations.
  2. Ascospores –> isolated –> grow up on –> enriched media.
  3. Strains –> tested on –> minimal media and minimal media + single amino acids.
47
Q

Where do strains of Neurospora not able to grow on minimal media, grow instead?

A

On minimal media + arginine.

48
Q

When did strains grown on media + arginine mutate?

A

In the arginine biosynthesis pathway.

49
Q

What happened in Complementing mutants with Neurospora?

A

Mutants assessed if they can grow on modified minimal media supplemented with arginine intermediates and arginine in biosynthesis pathway.

50
Q

What happened to Neurospora mutants when arginine intermediates and arginine in biosynthesis added?

A

They could be saved on minimal media.

51
Q

How many enzymes did Neurospora crassa use to produce arginine?

A

3.

52
Q

How did Neurospora crassa used 3 agents to produce arginine?

A

One after the other.

53
Q

What did Biochemists do during Neurospora crassa using enzymes?

A

They isolated the enzymes.

54
Q

Why did Biochemists isolate the enzymes that Neurospora was using?

A

To convert enzymes into products.

55
Q

In what was ornithine converted when enzymes were placed in the appropriate order?

A

To arginine.

56
Q

What did the mapping experiments with arginine mutants demonstrate?

A

Arginine mutants were coded by different genome parts/loci.

57
Q

How are loci recognised?

A

Genes.

58
Q

What hypothesis was developed further as molecular biology developed?

A

One gene - one protein/polypeptide - MULTIPLE POLYPEPTIDES.

59
Q

By how many proteins can enzymes be formed?

A

By multiple protein subunits.

60
Q

What else except protein subunits can enzymes include?

A

Non-protein factors.

RNA.

61
Q

What can genes produce once transcribed and translated?

A

Similar, different proteins.

62
Q

What shape do proteins/enzymes need to adopt?

A

A very precise 3-dimensional shape.

63
Q

Why do proteins need to have a 3-dimensional shape?

A

To interact with co-factors and substrates.

64
Q

What can structure changes affect in proteins?

A

Function.

Lose/generate new functions.

65
Q

What can the adding of functional domains to an enzyme change?

A

Functionality.

66
Q

Of what are eukaryote genes composed?

A

Exons and introns.

67
Q

Which part of eukaryote genes composition code for polypeptide to make a whole protein?

A

Exons.

68
Q

When do differences in splicing of genes occur?

A

After transcription.

Before translation.

69
Q

What do differences in splicing of genes alter?

A

Exons set.

70
Q

How are exons involved in protein production?

A

They are translated.

71
Q

What do variations in splicing affect in a protein?

A

Structure.

Function.

72
Q

Which are the key transitional controls in genes?

A

Start and stop codons.

73
Q

In what can modifications of key translational controls result in proteins?

A

Missing normal N-terminal = front section.

Longer C-terminals = end section.

Molecular Biology and Genetics (15 decks)

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