General Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

pharmacology

Answer 1

study of actions, effects, and disposition of drugs in body

Question 2

drug

Answer 2

chemical

-agent used in treatment of prevention of disease or pregnancy

Question 3

pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

study of drugs and their mechanism of action

what drugs do**

Question 4

pharmacokinetis

Answer 4

time course of drug and metabolite concentration in plasma, tissue, urine

what body does to drugs

Question 5

drug fate

Answer 5

study of what body does to drugs

Question 6

pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 6

clinical pharmacology

Question 7

drug action

Answer 7

biochemical event at molecular level

effect on macromolecules

Question 8

drug effect

Answer 8

effect of drug on body

-change in physiological function

Question 9

MEC

Answer 9

minimum effective concentration producing therapeutic effect

-threshold concentration in plasma or other tissue compartment

Question 10

therapeutic window

Answer 10

range of plasma drug concentration where therapeutic effect occurs

Question 11

local, percutaneous

Answer 11

drug absorption through skin

• slow, sustained systemic absorption
• patches, creams, etc.
• lipid soluble drugs

other local - eyedrops, nasal sprays

Question 12

enteral

Answer 12

via GI tract

Question 13

sublingual

Answer 13

rapid absorption

-but unpleasant taste

Question 14

oral

Answer 14

most common used route

• barriers - epithelial cells and capillary wall
• variable absorption
• safe - can recall drug - lavage or vomiting

first pass metabolism by liver occurs

Question 15

rectal

Answer 15

when oral not possible

-vomiting patient

Question 16

parenteral

Answer 16

non-oral route

• IV
• intraarterial injection
• subQ
• IM
• perQ -patches
• intranasal
• inhalation

Question 17

intrathecal

Answer 17

into sheath around brain or spinal cord

Question 18

intraperitoneal

Answer 18

into body cavity

Question 19

intraarticular

Answer 19

into joint space

Question 20

epidural

Answer 20

for regional anesthesia

Question 21

absorption of drug

Answer 21

from site of admin to blood
rate - how soon effects begin
extent - how intense effects will be

Question 22

drug dissolution

Answer 22

faster dissolving time - faster onset of drug

Question 23

smaller size

Answer 23

faster it dissolves

Question 24

liquid drug form

Answer 24

faster dissolution

Question 25

driving force of drug diffusion

Answer 25

concentration gradient

Question 26

lung and small intestine

Answer 26

larger surface area

-more drug absorption

Question 27

more lipid soluble drug

Answer 27

absorbed more rapidly

Question 28

ionized drugs

Answer 28

charged

-cannot diffuse across hydrophobic membrane barrier

Question 29

Vd

Answer 29

volume into which drug is distributed

Question 30

plasma compartment

Answer 30

Vd - 4L

-drugs that are large and bound to plasma proteins

Question 31

extracellular fluid compartment

Answer 31

Vd - plasma water and interstitial fluid
-14L

drug small enough to pass endothelial slit junctions but very hydrophilic (won’t diffuse to cells)

Question 32

total body water

Answer 32

small enough to cross into interstitium and hydrophobic enough to diffuse through plasma membrane into intracellular space

Vd - 42L

Question 33

redistribution

Answer 33

after dose of drug absorbed, concentration in blood falls

• at this point drug will move back out of tissue into blood
• following concentration gradient

Question 34

blood brain barrier

Answer 34

endothelial cells in CNS with tight junctions with no fenestrations

• lipid soluble diffuse to bran rapidly
• water soluble - more restricted

Question 35

biotransformation

Answer 35

drug to metabolites

major site - liver

Question 36

conjugation

Answer 36

add sugar, amino acid, or other residue to make drug larger and more water soluble

Question 37

free drug

Answer 37

unbound in solution

Question 38

concentration of free drug depends on

Answer 38

ADBE

• absorption
• distribution
• biotransformation
• excretion

Question 39

passive diffusion

Answer 39

function of lipid solubility, degree of ionization, concentration, molecular size

Question 40

rate of diffusion

Answer 40

directly varied with concentration gradient

rate = kD

• k = rate constant
• D = drug concentration

Question 41

lipid:water partition coefficient

Answer 41

means of expressing drugs solubility in lipid versus water

Question 42

weak acid at low pH

Answer 42

more unionized form

-more enters cells

Question 43

weak base at low pH

Answer 43

more ionized form

-less enters cell

Question 44

excretion of weak acids

Answer 44

in basic urine

more ionized form

Question 45

excretion of weak bases

Answer 45

in acid urine

more ionized form

Question 46

at equilibrium

Answer 46

relative concentration of nonionized drug is same in all compartments

Question 47

quaternary salts

Answer 47

permanently charged

• highly water soluble
• poorly absorbed
• rapid urine excretion

Question 48

active transport

Answer 48

nonspecific

-important for passage of anions and cations across renal tubules, choroid plexus, and hepatocytes

Question 49

diffuse across membranes

Answer 49

only free drug

-not bound to plasma proteins

Question 50

albumin

Answer 50

principal binding protein in plasma

Question 51

streptokinase

Answer 51

binding sites must be saturated with loading dose to achieve therapeutic concentrations

Question 52

plasma protein binding

Answer 52

elimination half time may be prolonged

glomerular filtration and renal excretion affected

Question 53

drug interactions

Answer 53

may result from displacement of drugs competing for binding sites

significant interactions when bound in quantity, limited Vd, slow elimination, low therapeutic index

Question 54

thiopental

Answer 54

rapid onset and offset

high lipid solubility
large CO to brain
absorbed by brain on first pass
concentration falls rapidly creating steep concentration gradient leading to rapid offset