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Y3: PN3313 > General principles of motor control > Flashcards

General principles of motor control Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three categories of movement

A

reflexive
rhythmic
voluntary

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2
Q

what are reflexive movements

A

involuntary, elicited by peripheral stimuli

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3
Q

what are rhythmic movements

A

chewng, swallowing, breathing, locomotion etc

circuits lie in brainstem and spinal cord

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4
Q

where are the circuits found for rhythmic movements

A

brain stem

spinal cord

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5
Q

what are voluntary movements

A

goal directed, involves higher centres, perhaps more improvement with practice due to feedbakc and feedforward control

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6
Q

how is the nervous system organised

A

hierarchically

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7
Q

what is the order of NS organisation

A

spinal cord
brain stem regions
cortical regions

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8
Q

generally speaking, how do the cerebellum and basal ganglia control movements

A

provide feedback to cortex via the thalamus to regulate planning and execution of movements

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9
Q

what are the main brain stem areas involved in locomotion

A

basal ganglia

cerebellum

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10
Q

which diseases are associated with basal ganglia

A

huntingtons and parkinsons so there is loss of smooth normal movement and posture

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11
Q

what disease is associated with loss of neurons in the cerebellum

A

cerebral ataxia

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12
Q

where are cell bodies located in SC

A

grey matter

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13
Q

where are most axons located in SC

A

white matter

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14
Q

what area of SC is for sensory processing

A

dorsal horn

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15
Q

what area of SC is for motor control

A

ventral horn

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16
Q

where are motorneurons found in SC and what is their purpose

A

in grey matter

final out put to the muscles

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17
Q

what are ventral interneurons for

A

complex motor control circuits

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18
Q

what are dorsal interneurons for

A

sensory processing

19
Q

what are 4 different neuron types found in the spinal cord

A

motorneurons
local interneurons
propriospinal neurons
projection neurons

20
Q

what are two nuclei types of the spinal cord

A

dorsolateral motor nucleus

ventromedial motor neurons

21
Q

what is the function of motornuerons and describe their projection

A

to innervate muscles
form motor nuclei in lateral SC
send axons to axial muscles

22
Q

describe axon projection in local interneurons

A

confined to same or adjacent segments of SC

pass info across left and right

23
Q

describe axon projection in propriospinal interneurons

A

send axons larger distances up and down SC

project to distal spinal segments

24
Q

describe axonal projection in projection neurons

A

into brain

25
Q

describe axonal projection from dorsolateral motor nucleus

A

to limb muscles

26
Q

describe axonal projection from ventromedial motor nucleus

A

to main body- trunk

27
Q

what are the two pathways of the brainstem

A

lateral and medial

28
Q

what are the three tracts of the medial brainstem pathway

A

vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
tectospinal

29
Q

where do medial brainstem pathways terminate

A

ventromedial interneurons and some medial motorneurons

30
Q

what is the main lateral brainstem pathway tract

A

rubrospinal

31
Q

what is the medial brainstem pathway for

A

basic postural control

32
Q

what is the lateral brainstem pathway for

A

goal directed limb movements

33
Q

what are four examples of goal directed movements from the cortex

A

planning
organising
execution
learning

34
Q

what are two tracts connecting cortex, brainstem and SC

A

ventral corticospinal

lateral corticospinal

35
Q

what is the ventral corticospinal tract

A

for posture, neck and trunk control

terminate in medial motorneurons

36
Q

what is the lateral corticospinal tract

A

limb conrol

occurs at pyrimidal decussation area

37
Q

what happens when there is a loss of lateral corticospinal tracts

A

effects fine digit control

reaching and grabbing example

38
Q

what are the two main areas of cerebrall cortex

A

M1- primary motor cortex

premotor areas

39
Q

what are the premotor cortex areas for

A

more complex movements, motor planning, or motor learning

40
Q

what are re entrant loops

A

the organisation for basal ganglia

41
Q

what are the five parts of basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
42
Q

what two basal ganglion areas make the striatum

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

43
Q

what are two main pathways of basal ganglion- and main function

A

direct - facilitates movement

indirect-inhibits movement

Y3: PN3313 (23 decks)

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