General principles of motor control

Question 1

what are the three categories of movement

Answer 1

reflexive
rhythmic
voluntary

Question 2

what are reflexive movements

Answer 2

involuntary, elicited by peripheral stimuli

Question 3

what are rhythmic movements

Answer 3

chewng, swallowing, breathing, locomotion etc

circuits lie in brainstem and spinal cord

Question 4

where are the circuits found for rhythmic movements

Answer 4

brain stem

spinal cord

Question 5

what are voluntary movements

Answer 5

goal directed, involves higher centres, perhaps more improvement with practice due to feedbakc and feedforward control

Question 6

how is the nervous system organised

Answer 6

hierarchically

Question 7

what is the order of NS organisation

Answer 7

spinal cord
brain stem regions
cortical regions

Question 8

generally speaking, how do the cerebellum and basal ganglia control movements

Answer 8

provide feedback to cortex via the thalamus to regulate planning and execution of movements

Question 9

what are the main brain stem areas involved in locomotion

Answer 9

basal ganglia

cerebellum

Question 10

which diseases are associated with basal ganglia

Answer 10

huntingtons and parkinsons so there is loss of smooth normal movement and posture

Question 11

what disease is associated with loss of neurons in the cerebellum

Answer 11

cerebral ataxia

Question 12

where are cell bodies located in SC

Answer 12

grey matter

Question 13

where are most axons located in SC

Answer 13

white matter

Question 14

what area of SC is for sensory processing

Answer 14

dorsal horn

Question 15

what area of SC is for motor control

Answer 15

ventral horn

Question 16

where are motorneurons found in SC and what is their purpose

Answer 16

in grey matter

final out put to the muscles

Question 17

what are ventral interneurons for

Answer 17

complex motor control circuits

Question 18

what are dorsal interneurons for

Answer 18

sensory processing

Question 19

what are 4 different neuron types found in the spinal cord

Answer 19

motorneurons
local interneurons
propriospinal neurons
projection neurons

Question 20

what are two nuclei types of the spinal cord

Answer 20

dorsolateral motor nucleus

ventromedial motor neurons

Question 21

what is the function of motornuerons and describe their projection

Answer 21

to innervate muscles
form motor nuclei in lateral SC
send axons to axial muscles

Question 22

describe axon projection in local interneurons

Answer 22

confined to same or adjacent segments of SC

pass info across left and right

Question 23

describe axon projection in propriospinal interneurons

Answer 23

send axons larger distances up and down SC

project to distal spinal segments

Question 24

describe axonal projection in projection neurons

Answer 24

into brain

Question 25

describe axonal projection from dorsolateral motor nucleus

Answer 25

to limb muscles

Question 26

describe axonal projection from ventromedial motor nucleus

Answer 26

to main body- trunk

Question 27

what are the two pathways of the brainstem

Answer 27

lateral and medial

Question 28

what are the three tracts of the medial brainstem pathway

Answer 28

vestibulospinal reticulospinal tectospinal

Question 29

where do medial brainstem pathways terminate

Answer 29

ventromedial interneurons and some medial motorneurons

Question 30

what is the main lateral brainstem pathway tract

Answer 30

rubrospinal

Question 31

what is the medial brainstem pathway for

Answer 31

basic postural control

Question 32

what is the lateral brainstem pathway for

Answer 32

goal directed limb movements

Question 33

what are four examples of goal directed movements from the cortex

Answer 33

planning organising execution learning

Question 34

what are two tracts connecting cortex, brainstem and SC

Answer 34

ventral corticospinal | lateral corticospinal

Question 35

what is the ventral corticospinal tract

Answer 35

for posture, neck and trunk control | terminate in medial motorneurons

Question 36

what is the lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 36

limb conrol | occurs at pyrimidal decussation area

Question 37

what happens when there is a loss of lateral corticospinal tracts

Answer 37

effects fine digit control | reaching and grabbing example

Question 38

what are the two main areas of cerebrall cortex

Answer 38

M1- primary motor cortex | premotor areas

Question 39

what are the premotor cortex areas for

Answer 39

more complex movements, motor planning, or motor learning

Question 40

what are re entrant loops

Answer 40

the organisation for basal ganglia

Question 41

what are the five parts of basal ganglia

Answer 41

``` caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra ```

Question 42

what two basal ganglion areas make the striatum

Answer 42

caudate nucleus | putamen

Question 43

what are two main pathways of basal ganglion- and main function

Answer 43

direct - facilitates movement | indirect-inhibits movement