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3rd year, 1st sem > GENERAL PATHOLOGY MIDTERM > Flashcards

GENERAL PATHOLOGY MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Condition where the PITUITARY GLANDS FAILS TO PRODUCE SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS of one or more hormones.

A

HYPOPITUITARISM

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2
Q

what are the HORMONES AFFECTED OF HYPOPITUITARISM?

A
  1. growth hormone - SLOW GROWTH
  2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh)
  3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)
  4. gonadotropin deficiency
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3
Q
  • Extreme height (GIGANTISM) because of sudden acceleration for children,
    .- enlarged jaw bones, hands, forehead and feet, teeth spaced widely.

this is physical manifestation of what disorder?

A

HYPERPITUITARISM

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4
Q

weight gain, skin changes, muscle weakness, bone problems, hypertension, diabetes or high blood sugar:

are manifestation of what disorder?

A

CUSHING SYNDROME

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5
Q

skin hyperpigmentation, vision problems, headaches, pituitary hormone deficiencies

are manifestations of what disorder?

A

NELSON SYNDROME

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6
Q

tumors arising from gonadotroph cells in the pituitary gland.

LH and FSH hormone production.

A

GONADOTROPH ADENOMA

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7
Q

it is a type of pituitary tumor that typically causes an overproduction of the hormone prolactin. they are the most common type of pituitary adenoma

A

LACTOTROPH

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8
Q

it MAKE EXCESS THYROID stimulating hormone (TSH) and are very rare

A

TYROTROPH

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9
Q

excess TSH results in excess thyroid hormone, which causes a condition called ____________ and speeds up metabolism

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

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10
Q

a condition characterized by EXCESSIVE URINATION (polyuria) due to and inability of the kidney to reabsorb water properly from the urine

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

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11
Q

ARE SMALL GLANDS BEHIND THE THYROID

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

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12
Q

an autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone

A

PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

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13
Q

overproduction of parathyroid hormone in response to chronic low calcium levels

A

SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

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14
Q

regulates calcium levels in the body, become overactive and produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone

A

TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

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15
Q

Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone, leading to low calcium levels in the blood

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

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16
Q

muscle cramps and spasms, tingling and numbness, seizures, dry skin, brittle nails, hair loss, cataracts, dental issues

are physical manifestations of what disorder?

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

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17
Q

rare autosomal dominant genetic condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone

A

PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM

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18
Q

Condition in which thyroid gland DOES NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH THYROID HORMONES

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

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19
Q

fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance

are physical manifestations of what disorder?

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

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20
Q

Severe hypothyroidism resulting in decompensated metabolic state and mental status change.

A

MYXEDEMA COMA

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21
Q

INFLAMMATION OF THE THYROID GLAND.

A

THYROIDITIS

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22
Q

mild hyperthyroidism, goitrous enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

SUBACUTE LYMPHPOCYTE THYROIDITIS

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23
Q

autoimmune disorder that occurs when your body’s immune system MISTAKENLY ATTACKS your thyroid gland.

A

GRAVES DISEASE

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24
Q

bulging eyes, goiter, sweating, palpitations. insomnia, agitation.

are physical manifestations of what disorder?

A

GRAVES DISEASE

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25
Q

what is the medical term of bulging eyes?

A

Exophthalmos, also known as proptosis

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26
Q

caused by an ABNORMALITY IN AND INDIVIDUALS DNA

A

GENETIC DISORDER

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27
Q

basic unit of heredity, located in on chromosome.

A

GENE

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28
Q

long continuous strand of DNA that carries genetic information

A

CHROMOSOME

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29
Q

specific genetic makeup of the individual

A

GENOTYPE

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30
Q

alternative version of gene

A

ALLELLE

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31
Q

outward characteristics of the individual

A

phenotype

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32
Q

same allelles for a given characteristic

A

HOMOZYGOUS

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33
Q

different allelles, one from the father and one from the mother

A

HETEROZYGOUS

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34
Q

Entire heredity information encoded in the DNA of a organism

A

GENOME

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35
Q

fundamental process for life.

A

MITOSIS

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36
Q

type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells

  • ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes
A

MEIOSIS

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37
Q

what are the 2 types of cell division?

A

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

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38
Q

molecular basis for inheritance.

A

DNA

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39
Q

matching each other in the center to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder

A

NUCLEOTIDES

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40
Q

individuals with this diseases have a 50-50 chance of passing the mutant gene and therefore the disorder onto each of their children

  • carries single mutant gene
A

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT

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41
Q
  • carries two copies of mutant gene
A

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE

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42
Q

disorder are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosomes.

A

X LINKED DOMINANT

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43
Q

In this type of inheritance males are affected, but females can be carriers.

A

X LINKED RECESSIVE

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44
Q

genetic disease where a large part of the genetic code has ben disrupted

A

CHROMOSOME DISEASE

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45
Q

aka TRISOMY 21, condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops both mentally and physically

A

DOWN’S SYNDROME

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46
Q

aka trisomy 18, there is an extra chromosome with the 18th pair. this syndrome affects all systems of the body

A

EDWARD’S SYNDROME

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47
Q

uncommon and unusual heredity disorder which is cause by a DELETION OF CHROMOSOME

A

CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME

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48
Q

what percentage of autoimmune diseases affect women?

A

80%

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49
Q

is the immune systems non-reactivity to the body’s own tissues.

A

IMMUNE TOLERANCE

50
Q

occurs when a viral or bacterial peptide resembles a self peptide, leading to immune attack on both

A

MOLECULAR MIMICRY

51
Q

activation of new autoreactive B and T- cells due to exposure to different parts of a protein during tissue damage.

A

EPITOPE SPREADING

52
Q

occurs when dendritic cells activate both viral and autoimmune cells due to inflammation

A

BYNSTANDER ACTIVATION

53
Q

refers to the disease affecting multiple organs in the body.

54
Q

these are antibodies that target nuclear material in cells, and they are present in almost all cases of lupus

A

ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES (ANA)

55
Q

occurs when antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage

A

TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY

56
Q

Name a key environmental trigger for lupus

A

UV RADIATION

57
Q

which can damage skin cells and lead to the release of nuclear antigens

A

UV RADIATION

58
Q

it is a BUTTERLY RASH on the cheeks

A

MALAR RASH

59
Q

chronic , plaque-like rash in sun-exposed areas

A

DISCOID RASH

60
Q

immune complexes cause inflammation in the kidney’s glomeruli

A

DIFFUSE PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

61
Q

antibodies that are specific with lupus and help with diagnosis

A
  1. ANTI-SMITH
  2. ANTI- DSNA
  3. ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID
62
Q

it’s a condition where antiphospholipid antibodies cause blood-clotting, increasing the risk of thrombosis and stroke.

A

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME

63
Q

corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs

are general treatment for what disease?

64
Q

an autoimmune, systemic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, with potential involvement of the other organs like the SKIN, LUNGS, AND HEART

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

65
Q

mainly the small joints like the wrist, hands, and feet but it can progress to large joints like knees, shoulders, and elbows

are typically affected of what disease?

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

66
Q

conversion of arginine to citrulline in proteins.

A

CITRULLINATION

67
Q

T-cells, B-cells, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-ccp) antibodies

are immune cells and antibodies are involved in what disease?

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

68
Q

THICKENED synovial membrane with inflammatory cells that destroys cartilage and bone

69
Q

fever, fatigue, anemia, lung fibrosis, vasculitis, and rheumatoid nodules

are symptoms/physical manifestations of what disease?

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

70
Q

an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness by attacking the neuromuscular junction

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

71
Q

binds to receptors on muscle cells to trigger muscle contraction

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

72
Q

young females in their 20s and 30s, and older males in their 60s and 70s

are most demographic commonly affected by what disease?

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

73
Q

is a TUMOR IN THE THYMUS GLAND, often associated with myasthenia gravis

74
Q

muscle weakness, drooping eyelids, double visions, difficulty walking, and trouble swallowing or speaking

are common symptoms of what disease?

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

75
Q

life-threatening condition where muscle weakness affects the respiratory muscles, leading to difficulty breathing.

A

MYASTHENIC CRISIS

76
Q

what imaging study is used to check for thymoma in myasthenia gravis patients?

A

CT scan and MRI of the thorax

77
Q

inherited immunodeficiency where both T-cells and B-cells mediated immune responses are absent or severely impaired.

A

SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID)

78
Q

is a process that creates diverse T-cells receptors

A

VDJ recombination

79
Q

genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small portion of chromosome 7

A

WILLIAM SYNDROME

80
Q

how many chromosomes does a typical human cell contain?

A

46 chromosomes, and 23 pairs

81
Q

chromosome have short hands called ?

A

p arms - petite or small

82
Q

chromosome have long arms called

83
Q

links the two arms of the chromosome together and helps in chromosome division during cell replication

A

CENTROMERE

84
Q

what type of genetic disorder is color blindness?

A

SEX-LINKED DISORDER

located on the X chromosome

85
Q

is the allelle for color blindness dominant or recessive?

A

recessive, meaning two copies of the allelle are needed for a female to be colorblind

86
Q

is genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene.

A

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

87
Q

is a genetic disorder that affects the blood’s ability to clot, leading to prolonged bleeding

A

HEMOPHILIA

88
Q

easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, joint inflammation, nosebleeds, blood in urine, and bleeding in the brain

are symptoms of what disease?

A

HEMOPHILIA

89
Q

rare genetic disorder where stem cells mistakenly become bone instead of repairing muscle, ligaments, or cartilage, leading to abnormal bone growth in the wrong places.

A

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

90
Q

is the growth of bone in places where bone doesnt normally form, like muscles, ligaments, or cartilage

A

HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION (HO)

91
Q

causes them to turn into bone instead of the other tissue.

92
Q

disorder that affect hormone production in the pancreas

A

ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC

93
Q

leading to absolute INSULIN DEFICIENCY

A

TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

94
Q

INSULIN RESISTANCE and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity.

A

TYPE 2 DIABETES

95
Q

insulin resistance due to pregnancy hormones.

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

96
Q

beta cell tumor that secretes excess, insulin, causing hypoglycemia

A

INSULINOMA

97
Q

rare pancreatic alpha-cell tumor leading to excess glucagon secretion

A

GLUCAGONOMA

98
Q

originating from delta cells of the pancreas, causing excessive secretion of the somatostatin.

A

SOMATOSTATINOMA

99
Q

autosomal dominant disorder with tumors in parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary glands.

A

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1 (MEN1)

100
Q

cause ABNORMALLY LOW ACTIVITY, OVER ACTIVITY or misguided activity of immune system

  • dysfunction of immune system
A

IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS

101
Q

a COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES within organism that protect against disease by identifying an killing pathogens and tumor cells

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

102
Q

defined as the RESISTANCE OF ORGANISM TO INFECTION, disease or other unwanted biological invasion

  • defend against foreign component
  • based on principle of self and non self
103
Q
  • mature in BONE MARROW
  • humoral response system
  • attack pathogens still circulating in blood and lymph
  • produce anti bodies
104
Q
  • mature in THYMUS
  • cellular response system
  • attack invaded cells
105
Q

self from non-self antigens

A

MATURATION

106
Q

substance produced by the body in response to an antigen are called as antibodies.
- defend the body

107
Q

this is a RESPONSE TO AN INVADER the first time the invader infects the body.

  • 10-15 days antibody production
A

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

108
Q

a MORE RAPID RESPONSE TO AN INVADER the 2nd time it invades the body

  • much shorter time period
A

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

109
Q

ANY FOREIGN SUBSTANCE which when enters the body, elicit body’s immune response

110
Q

which the IMMUNE SYSTEM’S ABILITY TO FIGHT INFECTIOUS DISEASE and cancer is compromised or entirely absent

A

IMMUNODEFICIENCY

111
Q

this disorder usually OCCUR FROM INTRINSIC, inherited defects in the immune system. they are usually seen in INFANTS AND YOUNF CHILDREN

A

PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY

112
Q

any factor that interferes with the NORMAL GROWTH OR EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. it generally develop later in life.

A

SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY

113
Q

also term typergammaglobulinemias, are elevated levels of gamma globulin in serum resulting from overproduction

A

GAMMOPATHIES

114
Q

is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.

  • exposure; ingestion, inhalation, injection, direct contact.
A

type 1- immediate hypersensitivity

115
Q

involves in OVERPRODUCTION OF ONE CLASS of immunoglobulin’s in response to inappropriate antigenic stimulation

A

monoclonal gammopathies

116
Q

involves in OVERPRODUCTION OF VIRTUALLY ALL CLASSES of immunoglobulin’s in response to inappropriate antigenic stimulation

A

polyclonal gammopathies

117
Q

is define as the ALTERED REACTIVITY TO A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN that results in pathologic reactions

A

hypersensitivity

118
Q

this reaction the ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BIND TO ANTIGENS on the patients own cell surfaces

A

type 2- anti mediated hypersensitivity

119
Q

are OFTEN CALLED DELAYED TYPE as the reaction takes two to three days to develop.

A

type 4- T cell mediated/ delayed hypersensitivity

120
Q

are INSOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES form in the body and are deposited in various tissues

A

type 3- immune complex hypersensitivity

121
Q

are MADE AGAINST A PARTICULAR HORMONE RECEPTOR on a hormone producing cell.

A

type 5- stimulatory hypersensitivity

122
Q

are GROUP OF DISORDERS in which tissue injury is caused by humoral or cell mediated immune response to self tissues.

A

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

3rd year, 1st sem (7 decks)

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