GENERAL PATHOLOGY MIDTERM Flashcards
1
Q
Condition where the PITUITARY GLANDS FAILS TO PRODUCE SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS of one or more hormones.
A
HYPOPITUITARISM
2
Q
what are the HORMONES AFFECTED OF HYPOPITUITARISM?
A
- growth hormone - SLOW GROWTH
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)
- gonadotropin deficiency
3
Q
- Extreme height (GIGANTISM) because of sudden acceleration for children,
.- enlarged jaw bones, hands, forehead and feet, teeth spaced widely.
this is physical manifestation of what disorder?
A
HYPERPITUITARISM
4
Q
weight gain, skin changes, muscle weakness, bone problems, hypertension, diabetes or high blood sugar:
are manifestation of what disorder?
A
CUSHING SYNDROME
5
Q
skin hyperpigmentation, vision problems, headaches, pituitary hormone deficiencies
are manifestations of what disorder?
A
NELSON SYNDROME
6
Q
tumors arising from gonadotroph cells in the pituitary gland.
LH and FSH hormone production.
A
GONADOTROPH ADENOMA
7
Q
it is a type of pituitary tumor that typically causes an overproduction of the hormone prolactin. they are the most common type of pituitary adenoma
A
LACTOTROPH
8
Q
it MAKE EXCESS THYROID stimulating hormone (TSH) and are very rare
A
TYROTROPH
9
Q
excess TSH results in excess thyroid hormone, which causes a condition called ____________ and speeds up metabolism
A
HYPERTHYROIDISM
10
Q
a condition characterized by EXCESSIVE URINATION (polyuria) due to and inability of the kidney to reabsorb water properly from the urine
A
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
11
Q
ARE SMALL GLANDS BEHIND THE THYROID
A
PARATHYROID GLANDS
12
Q
an autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone
A
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
13
Q
overproduction of parathyroid hormone in response to chronic low calcium levels
A
SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
14
Q
regulates calcium levels in the body, become overactive and produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone
A
TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
15
Q
Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone, leading to low calcium levels in the blood
A
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
16
Q
muscle cramps and spasms, tingling and numbness, seizures, dry skin, brittle nails, hair loss, cataracts, dental issues
are physical manifestations of what disorder?
A
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
17
Q
rare autosomal dominant genetic condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone
A
PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
18
Q
Condition in which thyroid gland DOES NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH THYROID HORMONES
A
HYPOTHYROIDISM
19
Q
fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance
are physical manifestations of what disorder?
A
HYPOTHYROIDISM
20
Q
Severe hypothyroidism resulting in decompensated metabolic state and mental status change.
A
MYXEDEMA COMA
21
Q
INFLAMMATION OF THE THYROID GLAND.
A
THYROIDITIS
22
Q
mild hyperthyroidism, goitrous enlargement of the thyroid gland
A
SUBACUTE LYMPHPOCYTE THYROIDITIS
23
Q
autoimmune disorder that occurs when your body’s immune system MISTAKENLY ATTACKS your thyroid gland.
A
GRAVES DISEASE
24
Q
bulging eyes, goiter, sweating, palpitations. insomnia, agitation.
are physical manifestations of what disorder?
A
GRAVES DISEASE
25
what is the medical term of bulging eyes?
Exophthalmos, also known as proptosis
26
caused by an ABNORMALITY IN AND INDIVIDUALS DNA
GENETIC DISORDER
27
basic unit of heredity, located in on chromosome.
GENE
28
long continuous strand of DNA that carries genetic information
CHROMOSOME
29
specific genetic makeup of the individual
GENOTYPE
30
alternative version of gene
ALLELLE
31
outward characteristics of the individual
phenotype
32
same allelles for a given characteristic
HOMOZYGOUS
33
different allelles, one from the father and one from the mother
HETEROZYGOUS
34
Entire heredity information encoded in the DNA of a organism
GENOME
35
fundamental process for life.
MITOSIS
36
type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells
- ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes
MEIOSIS
37
what are the 2 types of cell division?
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
38
molecular basis for inheritance.
DNA
39
matching each other in the center to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder
NUCLEOTIDES
40
individuals with this diseases have a 50-50 chance of passing the mutant gene and therefore the disorder onto each of their children
- carries single mutant gene
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
41
- carries two copies of mutant gene
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
42
disorder are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosomes.
X LINKED DOMINANT
43
In this type of inheritance males are affected, but females can be carriers.
X LINKED RECESSIVE
44
genetic disease where a large part of the genetic code has ben disrupted
CHROMOSOME DISEASE
45
aka TRISOMY 21, condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops both mentally and physically
DOWN'S SYNDROME
46
aka trisomy 18, there is an extra chromosome with the 18th pair. this syndrome affects all systems of the body
EDWARD'S SYNDROME
47
uncommon and unusual heredity disorder which is cause by a DELETION OF CHROMOSOME
CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME
48
what percentage of autoimmune diseases affect women?
80%
49
is the immune systems non-reactivity to the body's own tissues.
IMMUNE TOLERANCE
50
occurs when a viral or bacterial peptide resembles a self peptide, leading to immune attack on both
MOLECULAR MIMICRY
51
activation of new autoreactive B and T- cells due to exposure to different parts of a protein during tissue damage.
EPITOPE SPREADING
52
occurs when dendritic cells activate both viral and autoimmune cells due to inflammation
BYNSTANDER ACTIVATION
53
refers to the disease affecting multiple organs in the body.
SYSTEMIC
54
these are antibodies that target nuclear material in cells, and they are present in almost all cases of lupus
ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES (ANA)
55
occurs when antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage
TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY
56
Name a key environmental trigger for lupus
UV RADIATION
57
which can damage skin cells and lead to the release of nuclear antigens
UV RADIATION
58
it is a BUTTERLY RASH on the cheeks
MALAR RASH
59
chronic , plaque-like rash in sun-exposed areas
DISCOID RASH
60
immune complexes cause inflammation in the kidney's glomeruli
DIFFUSE PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
61
antibodies that are specific with lupus and help with diagnosis
1. ANTI-SMITH
2. ANTI- DSNA
3. ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID
62
it's a condition where antiphospholipid antibodies cause blood-clotting, increasing the risk of thrombosis and stroke.
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
63
corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs
are general treatment for what disease?
LUPUS
64
an autoimmune, systemic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, with potential involvement of the other organs like the SKIN, LUNGS, AND HEART
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
65
mainly the small joints like the wrist, hands, and feet but it can progress to large joints like knees, shoulders, and elbows
are typically affected of what disease?
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
66
conversion of arginine to citrulline in proteins.
CITRULLINATION
67
T-cells, B-cells, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-ccp) antibodies
are immune cells and antibodies are involved in what disease?
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
68
THICKENED synovial membrane with inflammatory cells that destroys cartilage and bone
PANNUS
69
fever, fatigue, anemia, lung fibrosis, vasculitis, and rheumatoid nodules
are symptoms/physical manifestations of what disease?
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
70
an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness by attacking the neuromuscular junction
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
71
binds to receptors on muscle cells to trigger muscle contraction
ACETYLCHOLINE
72
young females in their 20s and 30s, and older males in their 60s and 70s
are most demographic commonly affected by what disease?
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
73
is a TUMOR IN THE THYMUS GLAND, often associated with myasthenia gravis
THYMOMA
74
muscle weakness, drooping eyelids, double visions, difficulty walking, and trouble swallowing or speaking
are common symptoms of what disease?
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
75
life-threatening condition where muscle weakness affects the respiratory muscles, leading to difficulty breathing.
MYASTHENIC CRISIS
76
what imaging study is used to check for thymoma in myasthenia gravis patients?
CT scan and MRI of the thorax
77
inherited immunodeficiency where both T-cells and B-cells mediated immune responses are absent or severely impaired.
SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID)
78
is a process that creates diverse T-cells receptors
VDJ recombination
79
genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small portion of chromosome 7
WILLIAM SYNDROME
80
how many chromosomes does a typical human cell contain?
46 chromosomes, and 23 pairs
81
chromosome have short hands called ?
p arms - petite or small
82
chromosome have long arms called
q arms
83
links the two arms of the chromosome together and helps in chromosome division during cell replication
CENTROMERE
84
what type of genetic disorder is color blindness?
SEX-LINKED DISORDER
located on the X chromosome
85
is the allelle for color blindness dominant or recessive?
recessive, meaning two copies of the allelle are needed for a female to be colorblind
86
is genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
87
is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot, leading to prolonged bleeding
HEMOPHILIA
88
easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, joint inflammation, nosebleeds, blood in urine, and bleeding in the brain
are symptoms of what disease?
HEMOPHILIA
89
rare genetic disorder where stem cells mistakenly become bone instead of repairing muscle, ligaments, or cartilage, leading to abnormal bone growth in the wrong places.
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)
90
is the growth of bone in places where bone doesnt normally form, like muscles, ligaments, or cartilage
HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION (HO)
91
causes them to turn into bone instead of the other tissue.
ACTIVIN A
92
disorder that affect hormone production in the pancreas
ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC
93
leading to absolute INSULIN DEFICIENCY
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
94
INSULIN RESISTANCE and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity.
TYPE 2 DIABETES
95
insulin resistance due to pregnancy hormones.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
96
beta cell tumor that secretes excess, insulin, causing hypoglycemia
INSULINOMA
97
rare pancreatic alpha-cell tumor leading to excess glucagon secretion
GLUCAGONOMA
98
originating from delta cells of the pancreas, causing excessive secretion of the somatostatin.
SOMATOSTATINOMA
99
autosomal dominant disorder with tumors in parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary glands.
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1 (MEN1)
100
cause ABNORMALLY LOW ACTIVITY, OVER ACTIVITY or misguided activity of immune system
- dysfunction of immune system
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS
101
a COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES within organism that ***protect against diseas***e by identifying an killing pathogens and tumor cells
IMMUNE SYSTEM
102
defined as the RESISTANCE OF ORGANISM TO INFECTION, disease or other unwanted biological invasion
- defend against foreign component
- based on principle of self and non self
IMMUNITY
103
- mature in BONE MARROW
- humoral response system
- attack pathogens still circulating in blood and lymph
- produce anti bodies
B CELLS
104
- mature in THYMUS
- cellular response system
- attack invaded cells
T CELLS
105
self from non-self antigens
MATURATION
106
substance produced by the body in response to an antigen are called as antibodies.
- defend the body
ANTIBODY
107
this is a RESPONSE TO AN INVADER the first time the invader infects the body.
- 10-15 days antibody production
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
108
a MORE RAPID RESPONSE TO AN INVADER the 2nd time it invades the body
- much shorter time period
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
109
ANY FOREIGN SUBSTANCE which when enters the body, elicit body's immune response
ANTIGEN
110
which the IMMUNE SYSTEM'S ABILITY TO FIGHT INFECTIOUS DISEASE and cancer is compromised or **entirely absent**
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
111
this disorder usually OCCUR FROM INTRINSIC, inherited defects in the immune system. they are usually seen in INFANTS AND YOUNF CHILDREN
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY
112
any factor that interferes with the NORMAL GROWTH OR EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. it generally develop later in life.
SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY
113
also term typergammaglobulinemias, are elevated levels of gamma globulin in serum resulting from overproduction
GAMMOPATHIES
114
is an **allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure** to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.
- exposure; ingestion, inhalation, injection, direct contact.
type 1- immediate hypersensitivity
115
involves in OVERPRODUCTION OF ONE CLASS of immunoglobulin's in response to inappropriate antigenic stimulation
monoclonal gammopathies
116
involves in OVERPRODUCTION OF VIRTUALLY ALL CLASSES of immunoglobulin's in response to inappropriate antigenic stimulation
polyclonal gammopathies
117
is define as the ALTERED REACTIVITY TO A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN that results in pathologic reactions
hypersensitivity
118
this reaction the ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BIND TO ANTIGENS on the patients own cell surfaces
type 2- anti mediated hypersensitivity
119
are OFTEN CALLED DELAYED TYPE as the reaction takes two to three days to develop.
type 4- T cell mediated/ delayed hypersensitivity
120
are INSOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES form in the body and are deposited in various tissues
type 3- immune complex hypersensitivity
121
are MADE AGAINST A PARTICULAR HORMONE RECEPTOR on a hormone producing cell.
type 5- stimulatory hypersensitivity
122
are GROUP OF DISORDERS in which tissue injury is caused by humoral or cell mediated immune response to self tissues.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
