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Microbiology > General Parasitology > Flashcards

General Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Define protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotic cells that perform all physiological functions

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2
Q

Define helminths

A

Elongated flat or round-worm like parasites measuring few mm - few metres.
Eukaryotic, unicellular, bilaterally symmetrical

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3
Q

Protozoa examples

A
  1. Amoeba - E. histolytica, Naegleria, Acanthamoeba
  2. Flagellates - Giardia, Trichomonas, Leishmania
  3. Apicomplexa - Malarial, Babesia, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium
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4
Q

Helminths examples

A
  1. Cestodes - Taenia. Echinococcus, Hymenolepsis
  2. Trematodes - Schisostoma, Fasciola, Clonorchis
  3. Intestinal nematodes - Enterobius, Hookworm, Ascaris
  4. Somatic - Trichinella, Dracunculus
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5
Q

Autoinfection

A

Reinfection with larvae produced by parasites already in the body.
Ex: Taenia Solium, Enterobius vermicularis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Hymenolepis nana

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6
Q

When should stool specimen be collected?

A

Before starting anti-parasitic drugs and closer to onset of symptoms

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7
Q

How many times should stool specimen be collected?

A

3 specimens on alternate days

For intestinal amoebiasis, 6 specimens

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8
Q

When should stool specimen be examined?

A

Liquid stool - within 30 mins
Semisolid - within 1 hr
Formed stools - within 24 hrs

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9
Q

How can fecal specimens be preserved?

A

Room temp.

10 percent formalin can be used to maintain morphology of parasitic cysts and eggs

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10
Q

What specimens other than stool can be collected?

A

Perianal swabs - Taenia, Enterobius vermicularis, Schisostoma mansoni
Duodenal contents - Giardia intestinalis, Strongloides stercoralis

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11
Q

Mucoid bloody stool found in

A

Amoebic dysentery, intestinal schistosomiasis, invasive balantadiasis

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12
Q

Colour of stool indicates

A

Dark red - Upper GIT bleeding

Bright red - Lower GIT bleeding

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13
Q

Frothy pale offensive stool seen in

A

Giardiasis

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14
Q

Chemicals used in direct wet mount

A

Drops of saline

Lugol’s iodine

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15
Q

Magnification for direct wet mount

A

10x for helminthic eggs and larvae

40x for protozoan cysts and trophozoites

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16
Q

Charcot Leyden crystals

A

diamond shaped
Breakdown products of eosinophils
Seen in stool or sputum in amoebic dysentery, ascariasis, bronchial asthma

17
Q

Saline mount

A

To detect trophozoites, cysts of protozoan parasites, eggs and larvae of helminths
Motility and bile staining property can be appreciated

18
Q

Iodine mount

A

Nuclear details of protozoan cysts, helminthic eggs and larvae can be seen
Motility and bile staining property cannot be appreciated

19
Q

Non bile staining eggs

A

Enterobius, Hookworm, Hymenolepis nana

20
Q

Permanent staining methods

A
  1. Iron-hematoxylin stain
  2. Trichrome stain
  3. Modified acid fast stain - for coccidian parasites
21
Q

Concentration techniques

A
  1. Sedimentation
    2, Floatation - Zinc sulphate flotation
    Sheather’s sugar floatation
22
Q

Floatation technique cannot be used in

A

unfertilized eggs of Ascaris
larva of Strongyloides
Taenia eggs
operculated eggs of trematodes

23
Q

Sheather’s sugar floatation technique for

A

Cryptosporidium
Cystoisospora
Cyclospora

24
Q

Egg counting methods

A

esp. for Trichuris, Ascaris, Hookworm
1. Direct smear counting method of Beaver
2. Kato-Katz thick film method
3. Stoll’s method or dilution egg counting method

25
Q

Blood examination used for

A 
Plasmodium
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Babesia
Wuchereria bancrofti
Mansonella
26
Q

Blood concentration methods

A
  1. Sedimentation
  2. Cytocentrifugation
  3. Knott concentration
  4. Gradient centrifugation
  5. Membrane filtration
27
Q

Immunodiagnostic methods used when

A
  1. Early stages of disease
  2. Parasites are in very small numbers
  3. Reside in internal organs
  4. Time constraint
28
Q

Ab detection tests useful in

A 
Amoebic liver abscess: ELISA against 170kDa lectin Ag
Visceral leishmaniasis
Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Hydatid disease
29
Q

Ag detection tests

A

Amoebiasis
ICT panel detects Giardia, E. histolytica, Cryptosporidium in stool
Malaria
Lymphatic filariasis

30
Q

Molecular methods

A

PCR, rt-PCR
LAMP: for visceral leishmaniasis and malaria
Biofire Film Array: detects E. histolytica, G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora

Microbiology (9 decks)

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