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2nd Internals important Flashcards

Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi of GIT, RT, SKIN

1
Q

Biochemical tests of staph aureus

A

Gram +
B hemolytic
Catalase, coagulase +

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2
Q

Biochemical tests of staph. Epidermidis

A 
Catalase +
Coagulase -
Urease +
Novobiocin sensitive
Does not ferment mannitol
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3
Q

Biochemical tests of Staph. Saprophyticus

A

Catalase +
Coagulase -
Urease +
Novobiocin resistant

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4
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Pneumoniae

A

A hemolytic
Lancelet shaped
Optochin sensitive
Bile soluble

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5
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Viridans

A

A hemolytic
Optochin resistant
Bile insoluble

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6
Q

Cell wall VIRULENCE factors of Staph. Aureus

A

Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid
Clumping factor - slide coagulase
Protein A - coaggultination - binds to Fc-IgG and protects from complement and phagocytosis

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7
Q

Toxins of staph. Aureus

A 
Alpha, beta, gamma, delta hemolysins
PV toxin
Exfoliative toxin
Enterotoxin
TSST-1, TSST-2
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8
Q

Toxic manifestations of staph. Aureus

A

Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning (6-8 hrs)
Scalded Skin Syndrome

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9
Q

Inflammatory manifestations of staph. Aureus

A 
Endocarditis
Abscesses
Impetigo
Pneumonia
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Skin infections
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10
Q

MRSA due to

A

Alteration in penicillin binding protein coded by mecA gene

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11
Q

Staph. Epidermidis causes

A

Prosthetic device related infections

Stitch abscess

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12
Q

Staph epidermidis protected by

A

Biofilm formation.

Protects it from host defence and antibiotics

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13
Q

Staph. Saprophyticus manifestations

A

UTI in female genital tract

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14
Q

Cell wall VIRULENCE factors of strep. Pyogenes

A

Lipoteichoic Acid
C carbohydrate antigens
M proteins
Capsule

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15
Q

Toxins of strep. Pyogenes

A

Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin - superantigens

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16
Q

Enzymes of strep. Pyogenes

A

Streptokinase
DNAse
Hyaluronidase

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17
Q

Immunological manifestations of strep. Pyogenes

A

Rheumatic fever

Glomerulonephritis

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18
Q

Toxin mediated manifestations of strep. Pyogenes

A

Toxic Shock like syndrome
Scarlet fever
Necrotising fasciitis

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19
Q

Pyogenic manifestations of strep. Pyogenes

A

Pharyngitis
Cellulitis
Impetigo - honey crusted lesions
Erysipelas

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20
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Pyogenes

A

Bactiracin sensitive

Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase +

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21
Q

VIRULENCE factors of clostridium perfringes

A

Alpha, beta, epsilon, iota toxins
Heat labile enterotoxin
Bursting factor
Neuraminidase

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22
Q

Wound infections of c. Perfringens

A

Contamination
Cellulitis
Gas gangrene

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23
Q

Enteric infections of c. Perfringens

A

Food poisoning
Enteritis necroticans (Gas gangrene of bowel)
Necrotising enterocolitis
Gangrenous appendicitis

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24
Q

Mechanism of viridans streptococci

A

Makes dextrans that bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves -> subacute bacterial endocarditis

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25
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Blanching
Sandpaper like body rash
Strawberry tongue
Circumoral pallor

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26
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Agalactiae

A 
Bactiracin resistant
Beta hemolytic
Hippurate + 
PYR -
CAMP + with staph. Aureus
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27
Q

Strep. Agalactiae affects

A

Babies (pneumonia)

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28
Q

Enterococci tests

A 
Gram +
Penicillin G resistant
Catalase -
PYR + 
Can grow in 6.5 percent NaCl and bile
No hemolysis
VRE
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29
Q

Bacillus cereus Manifestations

A

Emetic type - cereulide - 1-5 hrs
Diarrhreal type - water, non bloody diarrhea - 8-18hrs

Keratitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia

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30
Q

Properties of spores of bacillus cereus

A

Spores survive cooking rice (reheated rice syndrome)

Cooking - germination of spores and enterotoxin formation

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31
Q

Agar of bacillus cereus

A

MYPA - Mannitol, Egg Yolk, Polymyxin B, Phenol red agar

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32
Q

Clostridium botulinum toxin and it’s mechanism

A

Heat labile

Inhibits ACh release at NMJ

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33
Q

Clostridium botulinum mode of transmission

A

Baby - ingestion of spores (floppy baby syndrome)

Adult - ingestion of performed toxin

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34
Q

Clostridium botulinum treatment

A

Human botulinum Ig

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35
Q

Clostridium botulinum symptoms

A 
Diplopia
Dysarthria
Dysphagia
Dyspnea
Descending flaccid paralysis
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36
Q

Clostridium botulinum toxin A therapeutic uses

A

Focal dystonia
Muscle spasms
Hyperhidrosis
Reduction of facial wrinkles

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37
Q

Morphology of Clostridium botulinum

A

Non capsulated
Gram +
Bacilli
Peritrichate flagella

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38
Q

Lab DX of Clostridium botulinum

A

RCM broth

Toxin demonstration: mouse bioassay

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39
Q

Clostridium perfringens causes

A

Gas gangrene
Food poisoning
Necrotising enterocolitis

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40
Q

Clostridium perfringens toxin and mechanism

A

Alpha toxin - lecithinase (phospholipase)
Activates platelet GP 2b/3a receptors on platelet -> platelet aggregation -> b.v occlusion
Also directly decreases myocardial contractility

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41
Q

Gas gangrene symptoms

A 
Crepitus
Foul smelling discharge
Edema
Pain
Gangrenous tissue gets liquefied and is sloughed off
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42
Q

Lab DX of clostridium perfringens

A

Gram + Subterminal spores
Thick stubby bacilli

RCMB

Naeglers rxn - opalscene around streak line in egg yolk agar
Reverse CAMP - with S. Agalactiae

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43
Q

Clostridioides difficle toxins and mechanism

A

A and B - damage actin - cell shape and size -> water diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis

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44
Q

Clostridioides difficle infection is due to

A

Prolonged antibiotic use (cephalosporin)

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45
Q

Clostridioides difficle agar

46
Q

Cornybacterium diphtheria lab dx

A

Chinese letter pattern
Metachromatic granules (Loeffler media) Albert stain
Black colonies - cysteine tellurite agar
Eleks gel precipitation test

47
Q

Cornybacterium diphtheria diseases

A 
Diphtheria (pseudomembranous pharyngitis)
Lymphadenopathy
Myocarditis
Arrythmias
Neuropathy
48
Q

Cornybacterium diphtheria mechanism

A

Beta prophage -> exotoxin -> ADP ribosylation of EF2 -> inhibit protein synthesis

49
Q

H. Influenza manifestations

A

Epiglottitis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia

50
Q

Morphology of H. Influenza

A

Gram -
Coccobacilli
Capsulated/unencapsulated

51
Q

H. Influenza produces

A

IgA protease

52
Q

H. Influenza lab dx

A

Chocolate agar
Needs factor V and X
Or with S. Aureus - satellitism

Quellung reaction

53
Q

H. Influenza vaccine from

A

Type b capsular polysaccharide

54
Q

Bordutella pertussis morphology

A

Gram -

Coccobacilli

55
Q

Bordutella pertussis toxins

A

Pertussis toxin
Adenylate cyclase Toxin
Tracheal cytotoxin

56
Q

Bordutella pertussis stages

A

Catarrheal - Coryza, fever
Paroxysmal - whopping cough, vomiting
Convalescent - gradual recovery

57
Q

Bordutella pertussis complications

A

Pressure (hemorrhage)
Pneumonia
Neurological

58
Q

Bordutella pertussis lab dx

A

Alginate/dacron swabs
Charcoal based transport media
Culture - mercury drop
Smear - finger print

59
Q

E coli biochemical tests

A 
Gram -
Indole +
Citrate -
Urease -
TSI - A/A with gas without H2S
60
Q

E coli VIRULENCE factors

A

Fimbriae - cystitis, pyelonephritis
K capsule - pneumonia, meningitis
LPS endotoxin - shock

61
Q

Enteroinvasive E. Coli presentation and antigen

A

Dysentery (bloody stool with mucus)

Virulence Marker Ag

62
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli presentation and antigen

A

Travellers diarrhea

Colonizing factor Ag

63
Q

Enteropathogenic E. Coli presentation and mechanism

A

Pediatric diarrhea

Flattens villi preventing absorption

64
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli toxin

A

Shiga-like toxin

65
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli manifestions

A

Dysentery
Hemolytic uremic syndrome - acute kidney failure + anaemia + TCP
(Shiga like toxin forms microthrombi on damaged endothelium)

66
Q

Vibrio cholerae lab dx

A 
Gram -
Flagellated
Comma shaped, darting motility in hanging drop
Oxidase +
Transport - Cary-Blair medium

Grows in alkaline medium - alkaline peptone water/bile salt agar for culture

67
Q

Candida albicans causes

A 
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis
Diaper rash
Endocarditis
Disseminated candidiasis
Mucocutaneous candidiasis
68
Q

Candida albicans morphology

A

Dimorphic
- Pseudohyphae and budding yeast at 20C
-Germ tubes at 37C
3 phenotypic forms - yeast, pseudohyphae, true hyphae

69
Q

Candida albicans lab dx

A

Germ tube test +

SDA - creamy, white, pasty colonies

70
Q

Asergillus causes

A

Invasive aspergillosis
Aflatoxin (HCC)
Aspergilloma in pre-existing lung cavities
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

71
Q

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

A

Hypersensitivity response to aspergillus growing in lung mucus
Ass.. w/ asthma, Cystic fibrosis
Can cause: bronchiectasis

72
Q

Aspergillus morphology and lab dx

A 
Septate hyphae branched at 45 degree angle
SDA:
- fumigatus - green, velvety, powdery
- Flavus - yellow
- niger - black cottony

(Ref. Diagram)

73
Q

Giardia lamblia clinical features

A

Bloating, flatulence, foul smelling, fatty diarrhea

74
Q

Giardia lamblia morphology (parts)

A 
Sucking disc
Nucleus, karyosome
Flagella
Axoneme
Parabasal body
75
Q

Stool findings in Giardia lamblia

A

Pus cells and RBC are NEVER seen
Trichrome stain used
Formalin ether sedimentation for concentration

76
Q

Special test for Giardia lamblia

A

Entero test

77
Q

Other (than stool and XRay) lab dx of Giardia lamblia

A

Histo - giemsa stain
Ag detection - coproantigen
Culture - diamond media

78
Q

X ray findings of Giardia lamblia

A

Fluoroscopy - hypermotility

Barium meal - irregular mucosal thickening + hypotonic bowel

79
Q

Preservation of stool in E. Histolytica

80
Q

Stool macroscopy in E. Histolytica

A

Foul smelling

Dark red, mixed with mucus

81
Q

Trophozoite appearance in E. Histolytica

A

Pseudopodia
Cartwheel nucleus
Interested RBC in cytoplasm

82
Q

Cyst appearance in E. Histolytica

A

Chromatid bodies

Large glycogen mass

83
Q

Histology of E. Histolytica

A

PAS stain

HE stain

84
Q

Culture in E. Histolytica

A

NIH medium

Diamonds medium

85
Q

Isoenzyme that can be analysed in E. Histolytica

86
Q

General findings in E. Histolytica

A

Collar button/flask shaped ulcers
Charcot Leyden crystals in stool
Anchovy sauce exudate

87
Q

Life cycle (Forms and sites of travel) of ascaris

A

Rhabditiform larva
Adult worm
Embryonated and unembryonated eggs

Right heart, lung, intestine

88
Q

Lab findings in ascaris

A

Patchy infiltrates on XRay
Egg detection (cresentric space)
Adult worm - trolley car lines on XRay

89
Q

Ancylostoma larva causes

A

Larva - cutaneous lesions, serpiginous tracks

90
Q

Ancylostoma worm causes

A

Early - pain, diarrhea

Late - Fe def. Anaemia, malnutrition

91
Q

Wakana disease

A

GI and pulmonary symptoms

92
Q

Larva in ancylostoma

A

Filariform larva

93
Q

Lab dx. Of ancylostoma

A

Egg -
Not bile stained,
4-32 blastomeres,
space b/w shell and embryo

Culture - charcoal culture method

94
Q

Parts of adult tapeworm

A 
Rostellum
Hooks
Suckers
Neck
Proglottids
95
Q

Stages in tapeworm life cycle

A

Oncosphere

Cysticerus

96
Q

Clinical features of tapeworm

A 
Mild abd. Pain
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Perianal discomfort
Neurocysticercosis
97
Q

Measles belongs to

A

Paramyxovirus

98
Q

Stages of measles

A

Prodromal stage
Eruptive stage
Post measles

99
Q

Features in prodromal stage of measles

A 
Fever
Kopliks spots
Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis
100
Q

Eruptive stage of measles

A

Rashes behind ears

Spread and fade in 4 days

101
Q

Complications of measles

A

Secondary bacterial infections
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Hachts pneumonia

102
Q

Target tissues of measles

A

Skin
RT
Conjunctiva

103
Q

Lab DX of measles

A

Nasopharyngeal swab

Isolation - Warthin Feinkeldy cells - multinucleated giant cells

104
Q

Target tissues of mumps

A 
Salivary glands
Testis
Ovary
Breast 
CNS
Pancreas
105
Q

Clinical features of mumps

A 
Bilateral parotitis
Epidydymo orchitis
Oophoritis
Pancreatitis
Meningitis
106
Q

Isolation of mumps

A

Monkey kidney cell lines

107
Q

Mumps strain used in vaccine

A

Jeryl Lynn strain

108
Q

Rubella belongs to

A

Togaviridae

109
Q

Clinical features of postnatal rubella

A

Maculopapular rash
Lymphadenopathy
Forrcheimer spots

110
Q

Lab DX of rubella

A

Nasopharyngeal swabs
Isolation - monkey kidney cell lines
Ag detection confirmed by IgG avidity test

Microbiology (9 decks)

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