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Chemistry > General Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

General Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula of amines ?

A

R- NH2

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2
Q

What is the general formula of aldehyde ?

A

R- CHO

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3
Q

What is the general formula of ketones?

A

R-COR

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4
Q

What is the general formula of esters ?

A

RCOOR

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5
Q

What is the general hybridisation of a carbonation ?

A

sp²(often)/ sp (less often)

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6
Q

Order of migratory aptitude ?

A

Hydride > Phenide > 3 degree C> 2 degree C >1 degree > Methyde.

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7
Q

Ring expansion

A

4 membered ring stabilises to 5 and 5 membered ring stabilises to 6. Ring expansion is favoured over hydride shift.

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8
Q

Does any rearrangement happen in carbanion ?

A

Nope.

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9
Q

What is the order of carbon radicle that has to be memorised ?

A

CF₃>CH₃

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10
Q

Order of -I effect strength

A

R₃N+>NO₂>CN>SO₃H>CHO>CO>COOH>F>Cl>Br>I>OH>OR>NH₂>Benzene> H

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11
Q

Order of +I effect strength

A

-O->-COO->3 alkyl>2 alkyl>1 alkyl> CH₃> H

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12
Q

Stability of carbocation

A

CH=CH C+H2 and C₆H₅C+H2>3⁰>2⁰>1⁰>CH₃+

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13
Q

Stability of carbanion

A

C- H₃>1⁰>2⁰>3⁰

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14
Q

-I effect if due to electron ? groups

A

Electron attraction groups

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15
Q

+I effect is due to electron ? groups

A

Electron repelling groups

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16
Q

Mesmeric effect is ?

A

π electron shift in conjugate system

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17
Q

Hyper conjugation is ?

A

Electron release by alkyl group attached to unsaturated group

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18
Q

When is markoniknov’s rule followed ?

A

When there is addition of HX to unsymmetrical alkenes

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19
Q

Intermediates are ?

A

Intermediates are carbocations which may undergo 1,2 hydride or 1,2 alkyl shift to attain more stability

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20
Q

Under what conditions is addition reaction against markoniknov’s rule ?

A

In presence of peroxides , addition is against markoniknov’s rule

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21
Q

What’s the order rate of a SN2 reaction

A

Second order rate

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22
Q

What the effect of nucleophiles on SN2 reaction

A

Stronger nucleophiles causes faster rate

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23
Q

SN2 reactions are favoured by ? solvents

A

Aprotic solvents

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24
Q

What’s the strongest organic acid ?

A

Sulphunic Acid ( it’s conjugate base is stabilise by 3 resonating structures )

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25
Q

Strongest organic base

A

Guanidine ( it’s conjugate acid is stablized by 3 equidistant resonating structures )

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26
Q

Order of strength of 3 electron displacement effect

A

Mesmeric effect > Hyperconjugation > Inductive ( for halogens, inductive dominates )

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27
Q

List of some nucleophiles ( electron rich )

A

e-, all Lewis base, conjugate base of bronsted acid , carbanion , all pi bonds.

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28
Q

List of some electrophile ( electron loving )

A 
H+
All Lewis acid 
ium ions 
Carbocation 
Acylium
29
Q

Formal charge F=?

A

F=Z-S/2-U
;Z-Group Number
S-Number of shared electrons
U-Number of unshared electrons

30
Q

In resonating structures , are all C-H bonds of equal length ?

A

Yes

31
Q

Rules of writing resonating structures

A

We are only allowed to move electrons and lone pairs. Energy of actual molecule is lower than its resonating structures. Equivalent resonating structures make equal contribution to resonance hybrid.

32
Q

What are the characteristics of a stable resonating structure

A

Structure having filled octets for second row elements.
Structures having minimum number of formal charges and minimum number of bonds.
Negative charge on most electronegative atom.
Minimal charge separation keeping the formal charges closer together.

33
Q

Which type of conjugation is called Hyperconjugation ?

A

When σ electrons of a CH bond are in conjugation with an adjacent π bond, such type of conjugation is called Hyperconjugation.

34
Q

Condition for Hyperconjugation

A

The presence of α hydrogen at an alkene , alkyl carbocation , alkyl free radical , or a phenyl group is the main condition for Hyperconjugation

35
Q

For alkenes , number of resonating structures =?

A

Number of resonating structures = Number of α hydrogen + 1

36
Q

What’s Baker Nathan Effect

A

Hyperconjugation dominates inductive effect.

37
Q

When is cis isomer more stable than trans isomer

A

Cis isomer is more stable than trans isomer when number of constituent atoms of the ring is less than 11

38
Q

When is trans isomer more stable than cis isomer

A

When the ring contains more than 11 atoms

39
Q

Which has a greater +I effect D or H?

A

+I effect of D is more than H

40
Q

When does maximum overlap between the p orbitals of a π occur ?

A

When the axes of a p orbitals are exactly parallel.

41
Q

When is an antibonding molecular orbital formed ?

A

An antibonding molecular orbital is formed when orbitals of opposite phase sign overlap. An antibonding orbital has a higher energy than a binding orbital.

42
Q

4 categories of organic reactions

A

Substitution reactions.
Addition reactions.
Elimination reactions.
Rearrangement.

43
Q

Substitution reactions are characteristic reactions of what kind of compounds ?

A

Saturated compounds such as alkenes and alkyl halides and aromatic compounds ( even though they are saturated ).

44
Q

Addition reactions are characteristic reactions of what kind of compounds ?

A

Compounds with multiple bonds like Ethene. In addition reactions , all parts of the adding reagent appear in the products; two molecules become one.

45
Q

Bronsted Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases

A 
According to bronsted Lowry theory , 
Acids donate( or lose) a proton 
Bases accept ( or remove ) a proton.
46
Q

Lewis definition of Acids and Bases

A

According to Lewis ,
Acids are electron pair acceptors.
Bases are electron pair donors.

47
Q

Define vinylic halides

A

Compounds in which an halogen atom is bonded to a sp2 hybridised carbon are called vinylic halides.

48
Q

Compound CH2=CH-Cl is commonly called ? And group CH2=CH- is commonly called ?

A

CH2=CH-Cl is Vinyl Chloride

CH2=CH- is vinyl group

49
Q

Define Pheyl Halide

A

Phenyl halides are compounds in which a halogen is attached to a benzene ring.

50
Q

Common name for trichloromethane (CHCl3)

A

Chloroform

51
Q

General Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

A 
Nu+ R-X---->R-Nu+ X-
; 
Nu= Nucleophile 
R-X= Alkyl Halide( Substrate)
X- = Halide ion
52
Q

In Nucleophilic Substitution reaction , C- Halogen bond of the substrate undergoes heterolysis or homolysis ?

A

Heterolysis

53
Q

Define Nucleophile

A

A Nucleophile is any negative ion or neutral molecule that has at least one unshared electron pair

54
Q

General reaction of Nucleophilic Substitution of an alkyl halide by hydroxide ion

A

H-O(-) + R-X—->H-O-R + X(-)

55
Q

General reaction for Nucleophilic substitution of an Alkyl Halide by water

A 
H-O-H + R-X ----> H-O(+)-R-R + X(-)
;
H-O(+)-R = Alkyloxonium ion 
     |
     R
56
Q

Prominent characteristic of a good leaving group

A

A good LG is a substrate that can leave as a relatively stable , weakly basic molecule or ion

57
Q

Expand SN2

A

Substitution , Nucleophilic , bimolecular

58
Q

A sample SN2 reaction with HO(-) and CH3Cl as reactant

A

HO(-) + CH3Cl—->CH3OH + Cl

59
Q

How many steps does the Hughes Ingold mechanism for the SN2 reaction involve ?

A

1

60
Q

What happens in the transition state of a SN2 reaction ?

A

In the transition state , both the Nucleophile and leaving group are partially bonded to the carbon atom undergoing substitution.

61
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A

A reaction that proceeds with a negative free energy change is said to be exergonic.

62
Q

Define endergonic reaction

A

A reaction that proceeds with a positive free energy change is called endergonic reaction.

63
Q

Define free energy change of a reaction ΔG

A

The difference in free energy between the reactant and products is called the free energy change of the reaction

64
Q

Expand SN1

A

Substitution , Nucleophilic and Unimolecular

65
Q

Write a balanced SN1 reaction with (CH3)3CCl and H20 as reactants

A

(CH3)3CCl+2H20—->(CH3)3COH + H30+ Cl-

66
Q

Define solvolysis

A

A solvolysis reaction is a Nucleophilic substitution reaction in which Nucleophile is a molecule of solvent.

67
Q

4 factors that affect the rate of SN1 and SN2 reactions

A

Structure of substrate
Concentration and reactivity of the Nucleophile ( for bimolecular reactions only )
The effect of solvent
Nature of leaving group

68
Q

2 types of solvents

A

Polar protic solvent

Polar aprotic solvent

69
Q

Define polar protic solvent

A

Solvent which has hydrogen atom attached to a strongly electronegative element an hence forms a hydrogen bond to Nucleophile.

Chemistry (20 decks)

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