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General - Laatste dingen 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Influenza
a. orthomoyxo
b. flavi
c. reo
d. retro

A

a. orthomyxo

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2
Q

AHS
a. orthomoyxo
b. flavi
c. reo
d. retro

A

c. reo

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3
Q

EIA
a. orthomoyxo
b. flavi
c. reo
d. retro

A

d. retro

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4
Q

DNA enveloped
a. herpes, poxi
b. parvo
c. corona, orthomyxo, flavi, retro
d. reo

A

a. herpes, poxi

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5
Q

DNA nonenveloped
a. herpes, poxi
b. reo
c. corona, orthomyxo, flavi, retro
d. parvo

A

d. parvo

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6
Q

RNA enveloped
a. reo
b. herpes, poxi
c. parvo
d. corona, orthomyxo, flavi, retro

A

d. corona, orthomyxo, flavi, retro

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7
Q

RNA nonenveloped
a. herpes, poxi
b. parvo
c. corona, orthomyxo, flavi, retro
d. reo

A

d. reo

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8
Q

Pattern recognition cells on
a. macrophages, dendritic cells
b. lymfocytes, mast cells
c. lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages
d. dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

A

d. dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

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9
Q

Complement
a. generation C3 convertase –> C3 cleaved –> C3b released and C3a bound to microbial surfaces
b. generation C3 convertase –> C3 cleaved –> C3a released and C3b bound to microbial surfaces

A

b. generation C3 convertase –> C3 cleaved –> C3a released and C3b bound to microbial surfaces

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10
Q

Lectin pathway
a. Lectins bind carbohydrate on microbial surface
b. C1q binds antibody bound to microbial surface
c. C3 convertase deposited directly on microbial surface

A

a. Lectins bind carbohydrate on microbial surface

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11
Q

Classical pathway
a. Lectins bind carbohydrate on microbial surface
b. C1q binds antibody bound to microbial surface
c. C3 convertase deposited directly on microbial surface

A

b. C1q binds antibody bound to microbial surface

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12
Q

Alternate pathway
a. Lectins bind carbohydrate on microbial surface
b. C1q binds antibody bound to microbial surface
c. C3 convertase deposited directly on microbial surface

A

c. C3 convertase deposited directly on microbial surface

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13
Q

Chemotaxis (complement)
a. Soluble C3a and C5a recruit phagocytic cells to site of infection and promote inflammation
b. Phagocytic cells with C3b receptors engulf and destroy microbes with surface-bound C3b
c. Assembly of components C5-C9 on the microbial surface leads to formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the microbe

A

a. Soluble C3a and C5a recruit phagocytic cells to site of infection and promote inflammation

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14
Q

Opsonization (complement)
a. Assembly of components C5-C9 on the microbial surface leads to formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the microbea.
b. Soluble C3a and C5a recruit phagocytic cells to site of infection and promote inflammation
c. Phagocytic cells with C3b receptors engulf and destroy microbes with surface-bound C3b

A

c. Phagocytic cells with C3b receptors engulf and destroy microbes with surface-bound C3b

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15
Q

Microbial lysis (complement)
a. Soluble C3a and C5a recruit phagocytic cells to site of infection and promote inflammation
b. Phagocytic cells with C3b receptors engulf and destroy microbes with surface-bound C3b
c. Assembly of components C5-C9 on the microbial surface leads to formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the microbe

A

c. Assembly of components C5-C9 on the microbial surface leads to formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the microbe

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16
Q

Th1
a. IL-17, IL-22
b. TGF-beta, IL-10
c. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10
d. IFN-gamma

A

d. IFN-gamma

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17
Q

Th2
a. IL-17, IL-22
b. TGF-beta, IL-10
c. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10
d. IFN-gamma

A

c. IL-4, IL-5, IL-3, IL-10

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18
Q

Th17
a. IL-17, IL-22
b. TGF-beta, IL-10
c. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10
d. IFN-gamma

A

a. IL-17, IL-22

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19
Q

Treg
a. IL-17, IL-22
b. TGF-beta, IL-10
c. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10
d. IFN-gamma

A

b. TGF-beta, IL-10

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20
Q

Leads to macrophage activation
a. Th1
b. Th2
c. Th17
d. Treg

A

a. Th1

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21
Q

Leads to IgG
a. Th1
b. Th2
c. Th17
d. Treg

A

a. Th1

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22
Q

Leads to IgA, IgE, IgG
a. Th1
b. Th2
c. Th17
d. Treg

A

b. Th2

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23
Q

Type I hypersensitivity
a. IgA, IgG
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. T-lymphocytes

A

b. IgE

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24
Q

Type II hypersensitivity
a. IgA, IgG
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. T-lymphocytes

A

b. IgG

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25
Type III hypersensitivity a. IgA, IgG b. IgE c. IgG d. T-lymphocytes
a. IgA, IgG
26
Type IV hypersensitivity a. IgA, IgG b. IgE c. IgG d. T-lymphocytes
d. T-lymphocytes
27
Systemic anapylaxis a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
a. Type I hypersensitivity
28
Cullicoides hypersensitivity a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
a. Type I hypersensitivity
29
Blood transfusion reactions a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
b. Type II hypersensitivity
29
ERU a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
d. Type IV hypersensitivity (Th1)
29
Pemphigus a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
b. Type II hypersensitivity
29
Penicillin a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
a. Type I hypersensitivity
30
IMHA a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
b. Type II hypersensitivity
30
Contact dermatitis a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
d. Type IV hypersensitivity
30
Purpura hemorrhagica a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
c. Type III hypersensitivity
31
RAO a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
a. Type I hypersensitivity
31
RAO a. Th1 b. Th2
b. Th2
31
NI a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
b. Type II hypersensitivity
31
SLE a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
type II and III
31
drug-associated IMHA or IMTP (penicillin) a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
b. Type II hypersensitivity
32
Serum sickness a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
c. Type III hypersensitivity
32
Does not occur before 9-11 months, adult levels at 18 months a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM
b. IgE
32
Chronic Cullicoides hypersensitivity a. Type I hypersensitivity b. Type II hypersensitivity c. Type III hypersensitivity d. Type IV hypersensitivity
d. Type IV hypersensitivity (Th2)
32
SCID a. lack of DNA protein kinase b. lack of RNA protein kinase c. lack of DNA polymerase d. lack of RNA polymerase
a. lack of DNA protein kinase
32
Detected in minor concentrations at birth a. IgA, IgG b. IgA, IgM c. IgG, IgM d. IgE, IgM
c. IgG, IgM
32
FIS a. GYS-1 b. SCLN c. SLA5A3 d. RYR
c. SLA5A3
32
Less allergies a. Th1 --> Th2 b. Th2 --> Th1
b. Th2 --> Th1
32
FIS a. increased IgG/IgM b. low IgG/IgM c. low IgG d. low IgM
b. low IgG/IgM (IgM decline compared with controls)
33
SCID a. no IgA b. no IgE c. no IgG d. no IgM
d. no IgM (SOME AFTER COLOSTRUM)
33
X-linked a. transient hypogammaglobulinemia b. agammaglobulinemia
b. agammaglobulinemia
33
Selective ... deficiency a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM
d. IgM (TWO CONDITIONS, FOALS (MANY DIE) AND 2-5 YO)
33
Dex a. reduced lymphocytes b. increased lymphocytes
a. reduced lymphocytes
33
FIS/agammaglobulinemia a. both no/reduced T-lymphocytes b. both no/reduced B-lymphocytes c. FIS no/reduced B-lymphocytes, agammaglobulinemia no/reduced T-lymphocytes d. FIS no/reduced T-lymphocytes, agammaglobulinemia no/reduced B-lymphocytes
b. both no/reduced B-lymphocytes
34
GCs receptors a. cytoplastic b. membrane bound
a. cytoplastic
35
Penicillin a. low VD b. medium VD c. high VD
a. low VD
36
Cephalosporines a. low VD b. medium VD c. high VD
a. low VD
37
Aminoglycosides a. low VD b. medium VD c. high VD
a. low VD
38
NSAIDs a. low VD b. medium VD c. high VD
a. low VD
39
Prednisolone a. low VD b. medium VD c. high VD
b. medium VD
40
Rifampine a. low VD b. medium VD c. high VD
b. medium VD
41
Ionized drug a. hydrophobic b. hydrophilic
b. hydrophilic
42
Weak base in plasma a. nonionized b. ionized
a. nonionized
43
Weak acid in plasma a. nonionized b. ionized
b. ionized
44
Weak acids a. low Vd b. medium Vd c. high Vd
a. low Vd
45
Weak bases a. low Vd b. medium Vd c. high Vd
c. high Vd
46
Penicillins a. acidic b. basic
a. acidic
47
Cephalosporins a. acidic b. basic
a. acidic
48
Sulfonamides a. acidic b. basic
a. acidic
49
NSAIDs a. acidic b. basic
a. acidic
50
Macrolides a. acidic b. basic
b. basic
51
TMP a. acidic b. basic
b. basic
52
Metronidazole a. acidic b. basic
b. basic
53
Aminoglycosides a. acidic b. basic
b. basic
54
Drug that bind predominantly to albumin a. acidic b. basic
a. acidic
55
Tubular reabsorption a. active for drugs, passive for endogenous compounds b. passive for drugs, active for endogenous compounds
b. passive for drugs, active for endogenous compounds
56
Weak base in urine a. nonionized b. ionized
a. nonionized
57
Weak acid in urine a. nonionized b. ionized
b. ionized
58
Weak base in urine a. less reabsorption b. more reabsorption
b. more reabsorption
59
Weak acid in urine a. less reabsorption b. more reabsorption
a. less reabsorption
60
Allelic heterogenity a. different mutations in a single gene cause the same disease or condition. b. single gene effects lot of different traits
a. different mutations in a single gene cause the same disease or condition.
61
Pleiotropy a. different mutations in a single gene cause the same disease or condition. b. single gene effects lot of different traits
b. single gene effects lot of different traits
62
HERDA a. GBE1 b. PPIB c. SCN4A d. RYR1
b. PPIB
63
Glanders a. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosum b. Streptococcus equi equi c. Streptococcus zooepidemicus d. Burkholdeira mallei
d. Burkholdeira mallei
64
Thyroid hormones higher in a. mares b. geldings c. stallions
a. mares
65
Endurance a. decrease TH b. increase TH
a. decrease TH
66
Transport a. decrease TH b. increase TH
b. increase TH
67
High carbohydrate or fat a. decrease TH b. increase TH
b. increase TH
68
Adiponectin a. no risk for laminitis b. if increased risk for laminitis c. if decreased risk for laminitis
c. if decreased risk for laminitis
69
(Levo)thyroxine a. induce weight loss b. reduce weight loss
a. induce weight loss
70
SGLT2 a. increase secretion glucose from urine b. inhibit uptake glucose from urine
b. inhibit uptake glucose from urine
71
Metformine in a. hyperinsulinemia b. obesitas
a. hyperinsulinemia
72
Fermentation sorbitol and lactose a. S. equi b. S. zooepidemicus
b. S. zooepidemicus
73
No Strep vaccination a. >12,800 b. >6,400 c. >3,200 d. >1,600
c. <3,200
74
Higher BALF neutrophils a. IL-2, IL-3 b. IL-4, IL-5 c. IL-17, IL-23 d. IL-20, IL-21
c. IL-17, IL-23
75
Mastocytic IAD a. IL-2, IL-3 b. IL-4, IL-5 c. IL-17, IL-23 d. IL-20, IL-21
b. IL-4, IL-5
76
IAD a. lower V4 b. lower V200 c. lower V4/V200
c. lower V4/V200
77
Higher in IAD a. SP-A b. SP-B c. SP-C d. SP-D
d. SP-D (BUT NO CORRELATION WITH BALF CYTOLOGY IN RACEHORSES)
78
Interferon alpha racehorses IAD a. less neutrophils b. more neutrophils c. less mast cells b. more mast cells
a. less neutrophils (ALSO REDUCED LIKELIHOOD OF RELAPSE)
79
Inhaled nanoparticles CpG a. decrease neutrophils/mucus/clinical signs, increase lung function, induce Th2/Th1 shift b. decrease neutrophils/mucus/clinical signs, increase lung function, induce Th1/Th2 shift
a. decrease neutrophils/mucus/clinical signs, increase lung function, induce Th2/Th1 shift
80
Modified soluble curcunim derivate in RAO a. less neutrophils b. more neutrophils c. less mast cells d. more mastcells
a. less neutrophils
81
Predisposition a. Standardbreds ESGD b. Standardbreds EGGD c. Thoroughbreds ESGD d. Thoroughbreds EGGD
c. Thoroughbreds ESGD
82
ESGD > decreased performance a. Thoroughbreds b. Standardbreds c. both
c. both
83
Rhino a. D752 > EHM, N752 > abortion b. D752 > abortion, N752 > EHM
a. D752 > EHM, N752 > abortion
84
Grade 4 EIPH a. no influence on career b. shorter career in Thoroughbreds c. shorter career in Standardbreds
b. shorter career in Thoroughbreds
85
Benefits furosemide higher in a. females <6yo b. females >6yo c. males <6yo d. males >6yo
c. males <6yo
86
Placenta transfer possible a. Neospora hughesi b. Sarcocystis neurona c. both
a. Neospora hughesi
87
EPM a. horse definitive host b. opossum intermediate host c. sarcosyts ingested d. sporocysts ingested
d. sporocysts ingested
88
Higher risk EPM in a. female Thoroughbreds (1-5yo, >13yo) b. male Thoroughbreds (1-5yo, >13yo) c. female Standardbreds (1-5yo, >13yo) d. male Standardbreds (1-5yo, >13yo)
d. male Standardbreds (1-5yo, >13yo)
89
Reduce risk aminoglycoside --> AKI a. Mannitol b. DMSO c. Calcium + vitamin C d. Selenium + vitamin B
c. Calcium + vitamin C
90
Type IV RTA a. impaired hydrogen excretion b. impaired K excretion c. impaired HCO3 absorption d. impaired HCO3 excretion
b. impaired K excretion
91
Fanconi syndrome a. type I RTA b. type II RTA c. type IV RTA
b. type II RTA (with widespread proximal tubular dysfunction causing loss of glucose, phosphate, uric acid, amino acids and protein)
92
RTA a. metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia with normal anion gap b. metabolic acidosis and hypochloremia with normal anion gap c. metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia with increased anion gap d. metabolic acidosis and hypochloremia with increased anion gap
a. metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia with normal anion gap
93
Adipose dysregulation a. low adiponectin/leptin b. high adiponectin/leptin c. high adiponectin, low leptin d. low adiponectin, high leptin
d. low adiponectin, high leptin
94
Insulin in old horses a. higher b. lower
a. higher
95
Adiponectin in older animals a. lower b. higher
a. lower (CONSISTENT WITH AGE ASSOCIATION WITH ID, IMPROVES INSULIN SENSITIVITY)
96
SGLT-2 a. PT b. DT c. CD
a. PT
97
C1-C5 a. rear limbs severly affected b. tail weakness, bladder atony, perineal hypalgesia c. rear limbs more affected d. front limbs more affected e. rear limbs mildly affected, normal fore limbs
c. rear limbs more affected
98
C6-T2 a. rear limbs severly affected b. tail weakness, bladder atony, perineal hypalgesia c. rear limbs more affected d. front limbs more affected e. rear limbs mildly affected, normal fore limbs
d. front limbs more affected
99
T3-L4 a. rear limbs severly affected b. tail weakness, bladder atony, perineal hypalgesia c. rear limbs more affected d. front limbs more affected e. rear limbs mildly affected, normal fore limbs
e. rear limbs mildly affected, normal fore limbs
100
L4-S2 a. rear limbs severly affected b. tail weakness, bladder atony, perineal hypalgesia c. rear limbs more affected d. front limbs more affected e. rear limbs mildly affected, normal fore limbs
a. rear limbs severly affected
101
>S2 a. rear limbs severly affected b. tail weakness, bladder atony, perineal hypalgesia c. rear limbs more affected d. front limbs more affected e. rear limbs mildly affected, normal fore limbs
b. tail weakness, bladder atony, perineal hypalgesia
102
Lolitrem a. stimulation acetylcholine b. reduction acetylcholine c. stimulation GABA d. reduction GABA
d. reduction GABA
103
Mydriasis a. lolitrem b. botulism c. tetanus
b. botulism
104
HENDRA a. flies b. fruit bat c. Culicoides d. Culex
b. fruit bat
105
SDF a. alkalosis b. acidosis
a. alkalosis
106
Diet inducing nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism a. high nitrate b. high oxalate
b. high oxalate
107
Suppression 1alpha-hydroxylase activity a. increase 1,25(OH)2D3 b. decrease 1,25(OH)2D3
b. decrease 1,25(OH)2D3
108
Calcitrol a. reduced Ca/PO4 absorption b. increased Ca/PO4 absorption
b. increased Ca/PO4 absorption
109
Cortisol formation a. zona fasciculata b. zona semimata c. zona hurata d. zona slamata
a. zona fasciculata
110
Hypercalcemia a. Mg toxicosis b. Cantharidin toxicosis c. nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism d. MH
d. MH
111
Hypoalbuminemia a. total Ca / ionary Ca decreases b. total Ca / ionary Ca increases c. total Ca increases / ionary Ca stable d. total Ca decreases / ionary Ca stable
d. total Ca decreases / ionary Ca stable
112
Anhidrosis a. reduction B1 b. stimulation B2 c. reduction a1 d. stimulation a2
b. stimulation B2
113
Does NOT stimulate physis closure a. estrogen b. testosterone c. cortisol d. thyroxine
d. thyroxine

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