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General Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of respiratory burst?

A

O2 consumption increases
NADPH oxidase activated
2e + O2 -> O2-
O2- + H2O -> H2O2 (hydrogenperoxide) = toxic

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2
Q

What is the difference between phagosome and phagolysosome?

A

phagosome: antigen trapped in vacuole in neutrophil
phagolysosome: when phagosome fuses with primary granules

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3
Q

What are opsonins?

A

proteins that enhance contact and phagocytosis by neutrophils or other phagocytes

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4
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

That neutrophils are triggered to leave the circulation by crossing capillary walls.

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5
Q

What are CAMs?

A

Cellular adhesion molecules on endothelial cells where neutrohils attach to

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6
Q

What are the phases of phagocytosis in neutrophils? (4)

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence/attachment
  3. phagocytosis
  4. destruction
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7
Q

Do Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have a thick or thin peptidoglycan layer?
a. both thick
b. both thin
c. + thick, - thin
d. - thick, + thin

A

c. + thick, - thin

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8
Q

How do macrophages develop?
a. hematopoietic cells > monoblast > monocytes > macrophages (in circulation)
b. hematopoietic cells > monocytes > monoblast (in circulation) > macrophages
c. hematopoietic cells > monoblast > monocytes (in circulation) > macrophages
d. hematopoietic cells > monocytes > monoblast > macrophages (n circulation)

A

c. hematopoietic cells > monoblast > monocytes (in circulation) > macrophages

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9
Q

What cells express TLRs?
a. predominantly macrophages
b. predominantly neutrophils
c. predominantly NK cells
d. predominantly T-cells

A

a. predominantly macrophages

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10
Q

What TLRs are present on the cell surface membrane?
a. TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6
b. TLR 3, 7, 8, 9

A

a. TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6

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11
Q

What TLRs are found intracellular?
a. TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6
b. TLR 3, 7, 8, 9

A

b. TLR 3, 7, 8, 9

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12
Q

Nitric oxide killing is used in?
a. neutrophils
b. macrophages

A

b. macrophages

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13
Q

Microglial cells are macrophages in?
a. brain
b. kidneys
c. connective tissue
d. lymphoid tissue

A

a. brain

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14
Q

Mesangial cells are macrophages in?
a. brain
b. kidneys
c. connective tissue
d. lymphoid tissue

A

b. kidneys

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15
Q

Histiocytes are macrophages in?
a. brain
b. kidneys
c. connective tissue
d. lymphoid tissue

A

c. connective tissue

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16
Q

What is correct about macrophages?
a. first type of cells to appear in circulation and can repeatedly phagocytose in response to invasion of microbial antigens
b. they secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that prevevnt fever
c. they have MHCI and selected macrophages also have MHCII
d. they have no ability to secrete proteins
e. they are lymphocytes

A

c. they have MHCI and selected macrophages also have MHCII

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17
Q

What is correct about neutrophils?
a. They can rapidly destroy antigen by phagocytosis and respiratory burst
b. They are lymphocytes that are in the first cells to destroy antigens.
c. They are major producers of IL-1.
d. They are efficient antigen-processing cells.
e. All of the above.

A

a. They can rapidly destroy antigen by phagocytosis and respiratory burst

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18
Q

APC include which of the following?
a. dendritic cells
b. selected macrophages
c. B cells
d. T cells
e. answers a, b and c
f. answers a, b and d

A

e. answers a, b and c

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19
Q

What is correct about antigen?
a. highly degradable proteins and large inert substances are not good antigens
b. large molecules are good antigens, therefore polysaccharides with simple repeating sugars are good antigens
c. large complex proteins are good antigens
d. antigens do not drive an immune response
e. lipids, but not lipoproteins, are good antigens

A

c. large complex proteins are good antigens

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20
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to:
a. T-cells and B-cells
b. T-cells, B-cells and NK cells
c. T-cells, B-cells, NK cells and lymphoid dendritic cells.
d. T-cells, B-cells, lymphoid and myeloid dendritic cells.

A

c. T-cells, B-cells, NK cells and lymphoid dendritic cells.

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21
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to:
a. PMN
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. NK cells

A

d. NK cells

22
Q

What is true about T-cells?
a. CD4 are helper cells, CD8 are cytotoxic cells
b. CD8 are helper cells, CD4 are cytotoxic cells

A

a. CD4 are helper cells, CD8 are cytotoxic cells

23
Q

What is true about Th-1?
a. intracellular pathogens + tumors
b. extracellular pathogens, neutralization of toxins and viruses in body fluids, activation of other cells, abnormal regulation > allergies
c. recruitment and activation on target cells to stimulate pro-inflammatory molecules, synergizing with TLR ligands

A

a. predominantly secrete IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-bèta (intracellular pathogens + tumors)

24
Q

What is true about Th-2?
a. intracellular pathogens + tumors
b. extracellular pathogens, neutralization of toxins and viruses in body fluids, activation of other cells, abnormal regulation > allergies
c. recruitment and activation on target cells to stimulate pro-inflammatory molecules, synergizing with TLR ligands

A

b. extracellular pathogens, neutralization of toxins and viruses in body fluids, activation of other cells, abnormal regulation > allergies

25
Q

What is true about Th-17?
a. intracellular pathogens + tumors
b. extracellular pathogens, neutralization of toxins and viruses in body fluids, activation of other cells, abnormal regulation > allergies
c. recruitment and activation on target cells to stimulate pro-inflammatory molecules, synergizing with TLR ligands

A

c. recruitment and activation on target cells to stimulate pro-inflammatory molecules, synergizing with TLR ligands

26
Q

What is true about Th-1?
a. CD4 after exposure to IL-12
b. CD4 after exposure to TGF-bèta
c. CD4 after exposure to IL-4
d. CD4 after exposure of IL-6 and TGF-bèta

A

a. CD4 after exposure to IL-12

27
Q

What is true about Th-2?
a. CD4 after exposure to IL-4
b. CD4 after exposure to IL-12
c. CD4 after exposure of IL-6 and TGF-bèta
d. CD4 after exposure to TGF-bèta

A

a. CD4 after exposure to IL-4

28
Q

What is true about Th-17?
a. CD4 after exposure to IL-4
b. CD4 after exposure to IL-12
c. CD4 after exposure of IL-6 and TGF-bèta
d. CD4 after exposure to TGF-bèta

A

c. CD4 after exposure of IL-6 and TGF-bèta

29
Q

What is true about Treg?
a. CD4 after exposure to IL-4
b. CD4 after exposure to IL-12
c. CD4 after exposure of IL-6 and TGF-bèta
d. CD4 after exposure to TGF-bèta

A

d. CD4 after exposure to TGF-bèta

30
Q

What is true about Treg?
a. recruitment and activation on target cells to stimulate pro-inflammatory molecules, synergizing with TLR ligands
b. suppressor of T cell mediated immune response and self-reactive T-cells
c. intracellular pathogens + tumors
d. extracellular pathogens, neutralization of toxins and viruses in body fluids, activation of other cells, abnormal regulation > allergies

A

b. suppressor of T cell mediated immune response and self-reactive T-cells

31
Q

Treg can downregulate
a. Th-1
b. Th-2
c. Th-17
d. Th-1 and Th-2
e. Th-1 and Th-17
f. Th-1, Th-2 and Th-17

A

f. Th-1, Th-2 and Th-17

32
Q

What is true about MHC?
a. MHC class I + CD4
b. MHC class I + CD8

A

b. MHC class I + CD8

33
Q

What is true about MHC?
a. MHC class I + cytotoxic T-cells
b. MHC class I + T helper cells

A

a. MHC class I + cytotoxic T-cells

34
Q

What is true about MHC?
a. MHC class II + CD4
b. MHC class II + CD8

A

a. MHC class II + CD4

35
Q

What is true about MHC?
a. MHC class II + cytotoxic T-cells
b. MHC class II + T helper cells

A

b. MHC class II + T helper cells

36
Q

One of apoptosis mechanisms CD8?
a. secretion TNF-alpha
b. secretion IL-10
c. secretion IL-6
d. secretion IL-12

A

a. secretion TNF-alpha

37
Q

One of apoptosis mechanisms CD8?
a. Interactions of CD107 ligand on T cells with the CD 107 death receptor on target cells
b. Interactions of CD95 ligand on T cells with the CD 95 death receptor on target cells
b. Interactions of CD6 ligand on T cells with the CD 6 death receptor on target cells
b. Interactions of CD1 ligand on T cells with the CD 1 death receptor on target cells

A

b. Interactions of CD95 ligand on T cells with the CD 95 death receptor on target cells

38
Q

One of the apoptosis mechanism of CD8?
a. secretion of granulysin
b. secretion of pestilis
c. secretion of interferon gamma
d. secretion of liposin

A

a. secretion of granulysin

39
Q

Co-stimulatory signal by?
a. interaction CD18 and/or CD41L (T-cells) with CD80/86 and/or CD40 (APC cells)
b. interaction CD95 and/or CD40L (T-cells) with CD80/86 and/or CD95 (APC cells)
c. interaction CD28 and/or CD40L (T-cells) with CD80/86 and/or CD40 (APC cells)
d. interaction CD30 and/or CD40L (T-cells) with CD80/86 and/or CD21 (APC cells)

A

c. interaction CD28 and/or CD40L (T-cells) with CD80/86 and/or CD40 (APC cells)

40
Q

What is true about IgG?
a. monomer
b. dimer
c. pentamer

A

a. monomer

41
Q

What is true about IgM?
a. monomer
b. dimer
c. pentamer

A

c. pentamer

42
Q

What is true about IgE?
a. monomer
b. dimer
c. pentamer

A

a. monomer

43
Q

What is true about IgA?
a. monomer
b. dimer
c. pentamer

44
Q

What is true about IgD?
a. monomer
b. dimer
c. pentamer

A

a. monomer

45
Q

On their surface, T-cells have:
a. T-cell antigen receptor
b. CD3 molecules
c. CD4 or CD8
d. CD28 molecules
e. all of the above
f. a and b

A

e. all of the above

46
Q

What is true about CD4 T-cells?
a. Supressor/cytotoxic T-cells
b. Receptor for MHC-I
c. Provide help to T, B, NK and macrophages by secreting critical cytokines (IL-2)
d. CD4 molecules recognize CD8

A

c. Provide help to T, B, NK and macrophages by secreting critical cytokines (IL-2)

47
Q

What is true about cytoxic cells?
a. Viral-infected target cells undergo necrotic cell death
b. Release granzymes through holes drilled by perforin into target cells
c. Express CD4 but lack TCR.
d. Do not secrete interferon-gamma and are not T-cells.

A

b. Release granzymes through holes drilled by perforin into target cells

48
Q

Cytoxic cells can kill target cells through:
a. perforins and granzymes
b. phagocytosis
c. respiratory burst
d. all of the above

A

a. perforins and granzymes

49
Q

What bond connects antibody molecule?
a. peptide
b. dipeptide
c. disulfide
d. disolfon

A

c. disulfide

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