General - Laatste dingen 3 Flashcards by AL H

Serum IgG high in
a. Cyathostominosis
b. Strongylus vulgaris

b. Strongylus vulgaris

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Dark dots
a. tapetal fundus
b. non-tapetal fundus

b. non-tapetal fundus

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Lower insulin can result in
a. reduced beta cell mass and less beta cell sensitivity to glucose
b. reduced beta cell mass and increased sensitivity to glucose
c. increased beta cell mass and increased sensitivty to glucose
d. increased beta cell mass and decreased sensitivty to glucose

a. reduced beta cell mass and less beta cell sensitivity to glucose

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Maintenance fluid
a. 20-40 ml/kg/day
b. 40-60 ml/kg/day
c. 60-80 ml/kg/day
d. 80-100 ml/kg/day

b. 40-60 ml/kg/day

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Shock rate
a. 20-40 ml/kg
b. 40-60 ml/kg
c. 60-80 ml/kg
d. 80-100 ml/kg

d. 80-100 ml/kg

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Non pulmonary causes (including imbalance of oxygen demand and delivery, hypermetabolism and overfeeding)
a. normal A-a gradient
b. increased A-a gradient
c. decreased A-a gradient

b. increased A-a gradient

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Perfusion-mediated hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

a. Type A

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Septic hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

a. Type A

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Seizures/colvulsions hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

a. Type A

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Mitochrondial dysfunction hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

b. Type B

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Abnormal clearance of lactate
a. Type A
b. Type B

b. Type B

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Thiamine deficiency hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

b. Type B

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Malignancy hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

b. Type B

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Shivering hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

a. Type A

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Liver disease hyperlactemia
a. Type A
b. Type B

b. Type B

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Normal PF
a. <5% neutrophils
b. <10% neutrophils
c. 20-40% neutrophils
d. 40-50% neutrophils

d. 40-50% neutrophils

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Oxygen extraction ratios >30%
a. inadequate oxygen delivery
b. decreased oxygen consumption

a. inadequate oxygen delivery

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Vasomotor tone kidneys
a. PGE2 and PGI2
b. PGE2 and PGI4
c. PGE4 and PGI2
d. PGE4 and PGI4

a. PGE2 and PGI2 (INHIBITED BY NSAIDS)

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Affinity + unloading O2 in left shift
a. Increased affinity / unloading
b. Increased affinitiy and decreased unloading
c. Decreased affinity / unloading
d. Decreased affinity and increased unloading

b. Increased affinitiy and decreased unloading

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Affinity + unloading O2 in right shift
a. Increased affinity / unloading
b. Increased affinitiy and decreased unloading
c. Decreased affinity / unloading
d. Decreased affinity and increased unloading

d. Decreased affinity and increased unloading

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What DOESN’T result in increased DPG
a. congenital heart disease
b. lung disease
c. anemia
d. hights
e. alkalosis
f. lower PO4

f. lower PO4 (AND ACIDOSIS)

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Air bronchograms
a. Interstitial
b. Bronchiolar
c. Alveolar
d. Vascular

c. Alveolar

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Tie-back
a. DDSP
b. RLN

b. RLN

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Tie-forward
a. DDSP
b. RLN

a. DDSP

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African horse sickness a. Culicoides imicola b. Culex pipiens c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies)

a. Culicoides imicola

WNV a. Culicoides imicola b. Culex pipiens c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies) d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

b. Culex pipiens

Guarded prognosis pneumonia a. Pseudomonas b. R. equi c. Klebsiella d. Bacteroides

c. Klebsiella

Worst prognosis AHS a. peracute b. acute c. subacute d. horse sickness fever

a. peracute

RAO a. not heritable b. heritable in Arabians c. heritable in Thoroughbred racehorses d. heritable in Warmbloods

d. heritable in Warmbloods

RAO a. IL-4, IL-8 b. IL-4, IL-10 c. IL-6, IL-8 d. IL-6, IL-10

a. IL-4, IL-8

Most frequently reported primary pulmonary tumor a. malignant thymoma b. suqamous cell thymoma c. granular cell tumor d. lymphoma

c. granular cell tumor

Tonic motor neurons a. Type 1 fibers b. Type 2a fibers c. Type 2x fibers d. Type 2a and 2x fibers e. Type 1, 2a and 2x fibers

a. Type 1 fibers

Fast discharging phasic motor neurons a. Type 1 fibers b. Type 2a fibers c. Type 2x fibers d. Type 2a and 2x fibers e. Type 1, 2a and 2x fibers

d. Type 2a and 2x fibers

Myogenic atrophy a. Type 1 fibers b. Type 2a fibers c. Type 2x fibers d. Type 2a and 2x fibers e. Type 1, 2a and 2x fibers

d. Type 2a and 2x fibers

Neurogenic atrophy a. Type 1 fibers b. Type 2a fibers c. Type 2x fibers d. Type 2a and 2x fibers e. Type 1, 2a and 2x fibers

e. Type 1, 2a and 2x fibers

Rhabdomyolysis a. low Na/Cl/Ca, high K/PO4 b. high Na/Cl/Ca, low K/PO4 c. all low d. all high

a. low Na/Cl/Ca, high K/PO4

Sarcocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle biopsy a. Focal atrophy b. QH with suspected immune-mediated myositis c. EMND or vit E deficient myopathy d. Hypoglycin A myopathy

c. EMND or vit E deficient myopathy

Lumbar or gluteal muscle biopsy a. Focal atrophy b. QH with suspected immune-mediated myositis c. EMND or vit E deficient myopathy d. Hypoglycin A myopathy

b. QH with suspected immune-mediated myositis

Diaphragm or deep postural muscles a. Focal atrophy b. QH with suspected immune-mediated myositis c. EMND or vit E deficient myopathy d. Hypoglycin A myopathy

d. Hypoglycin A myopathy

Excessive lipid storage a. Focal atrophy b. QH with suspected immune-mediated myositis c. EMND or vit E deficient myopathy d. Hypoglycin A myopathy

d. Hypoglycin A myopathy

Careful with dantrolene in a. HYPP b. PSSM c. MH d. RER

a. HYPP

RER a. higher cortisol/epinephrine/norepinephrine b. higher cortisol, lower epinepehrine/norepinephrine c. lower cortisol/epinephrine/norepinephrine d. lower cortisol, higher epinephrine/norephrine

b. higher cortisol, lower epinepehrine/norepinephrine

RER more common in a. stallions b. geldings c. mares

c. mares (ESPECIALLY YOUNG ONES)

RER a. tranquillizers b. dantrolene-sodium c. phenytoine d. all

d. all

More severe ER a. MH and HYPP b. HYPP and PSSM c. MH and PSSM d. HYPP and RER

c. MH and PSSM

PSSM a. enhanced glycogen synthase enzyme b. decreased glycogen synthase enzyme

a. enhanced glycogen synthase enzyme

GBED a. higher branching enzyme activity b. no abortions c. all foals die d. PAS-negative inclusion

c. all foals die

Nutritiona myodegeneration a. Vitamin E deficient myopathy b. WMD

b. WMD

Viral associated myopathies a. EHV, EIA b. EHV, EIV c. EIV, EIA d. EAdV, EHV

b. EHV, EIV

Immune-mediated myositis a. No breed predisposition b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Lymphocytic destruction by CD4+ d. Th17 response

c. Lymphocytic destruction by CD4+

Hypoglycin A myopathy suspected if: a. rhabdomyolysis and acidic urine pH b. rhabdomyolyis and alkalotic urine pH c. rhabdomyolysis and acidemia d. rhabdomyolysis and alkalosis

a. rhabdomyolysis and acidic urine pH

HYPP a. Na channel inactivation b. Cl channel inactivation c. K channel inactivation d. H+ ATP-ase inactivation

a. Na channel

Paralysis URT a. HYPP b. PSSM c. RER d. Myotonia

a. HYPP

SDF a. low Ca with metabolic acidosis b. low Ca with metabolic alkalosis c. high Ca with metabolic acidosis d. high Ca with metabolic alkalosis

b. low Ca with metabolic alkalosis

SP in IAD a. SP-A increased b. SP-B decreased c. SP-C increased d. SP-D decreased

c. SP-D increased

BBB a. permeable to bicarbonate, hydrogen, CO2 b. permeable to bicarbonate/hydrogen and impermeable to CO2 c. impermeapble to bicarboante, hydrogen, CO2 d. impermeable to bicarbonate/hydrogen, permeable to CO2

d. impermeable to bicarbonate/hydrogen, permeable to CO2

Increase in respiratory frequency a. Hypoxia b. Hypercapnia

a. Hypoxia

Increase in tidal volume a. Hypoxia b. Hypercapnia

b. Hypercapnia

What is true? a. Intrathoracic airway obstruction --> prolonged inspiration and Restrictive/extrathoracic obstructive disease --> difficult expiration b. Intrathoracic airway obstruction --> difficult expiration and Restrictive/extrathoracic obstructive disease --> prolonged inspiration c. Both lead to prolonged inspiration d. Both lead to difficult expiration

b. Intrathoracic airway obstruction --> difficult expiration and Restrictive/extrathoracic obstructive disease --> prolonged inspiration

Thick ascending loop a. Na/K/Cl actively reabsorbed via Na/K/2Cl-transporter b. Ion moves into interstitium by passive diffusion

a. Na/K/Cl actively reabsorbed via Na/K/2Cl-transporter (IMPERMEABLE FOR WATER)

Thin ascending loop a. Na/K/Cl actively reabsorbed via Na/K/2Cl-transporter b. Ion moves into interstitium by passive diffusion

b. Ion moves into interstitium by passive diffusion

Structural polysaccharides a. dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, mammans galactans and xyloglucans) b. major storage carbohydrate of vegetative tissues c. simple (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and more complex (oligosaccharides and fructans) sugars d. component of WCS that is digestible by mammalian enzymes (thus minus fructan) e. monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructan polysaccharides and starch

a. dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, mammans galactans and xyloglucans)

Fructose a. dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, mammans galactans and xyloglucans) b. major storage carbohydrate of vegetative tissues c. simple (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and more complex (oligosaccharides and fructans) sugars d. component of WCS that is digestible by mammalian enzymes (thus minus fructan) e. monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructan polysaccharides and starch

b. major storage carbohydrate of vegetative tissues

Water-soluble carbohydrates a. dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, mammans galactans and xyloglucans) b. major storage carbohydrate of vegetative tissues c. simple (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and more complex (oligosaccharides and fructans) sugars d. component of WCS that is digestible by mammalian enzymes (thus minus fructan) e. monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructan polysaccharides and starch

c. simple (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and more complex (oligosaccharides and fructans) sugars

Ethanol-soluble carbohydrates a. dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, mammans galactans and xyloglucans) b. major storage carbohydrate of vegetative tissues c. simple (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and more complex (oligosaccharides and fructans) sugars d. component of WCS that is digestible by mammalian enzymes (thus minus fructan) e. monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructan polysaccharides and starch

d. component of WCS that is digestible by mammalian enzymes (thus minus fructan)

Non-structural carbohydrates a. dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, mammans galactans and xyloglucans) b. major storage carbohydrate of vegetative tissues c. simple (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and more complex (oligosaccharides and fructans) sugars d. component of WCS that is digestible by mammalian enzymes (thus minus fructan) e. monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructan polysaccharides and starch

e. monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructan polysaccharides and starch

Maintenance fluid foal a. 2-3 ml/kg/u b. 4-5 ml/kg/u c. 6-7 ml/kg/u d. 8 ml/kg/u

b. 4-5 ml/kg/u

Pleocytosis a. increased cell count b. decreased cell count c. increased size RBCs d. decreased size RBCs

a. increased cell count

Botulism a. A b. B c. C d. A en B e. B en C

e. B en C

Tetanus a. prevents production GABA b. prevents release GABA c. increases production GABA d. increases release GABA

b. prevents release GABA

Cerebral edema a. Hyponatremia b. Hypernatremia

a. Hyponatremia

Osmotic demyelination syndrome a. Hyponatremia b. Hypernatremia

b. Hypernatremia

MgSO4 a. Acetylcholine-receptor agonist b. Acetylcholine-receptor antagonist c. NMDA agonist d. NMDA antagonist

d. NMDA antagonist

Pentoxifylline a. phosphodiesterase stimulator b. phosphodiesterase inhibitor c. PGE stimulator d. PGE inhibitor

b. phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Surfactant deficiency a. NERDS b. EqNALI c. EqNARDS d. V/Q mismatching

a. NERDS

Corticosteroids in: a. NERDS b. ALI/ARDS c. V/Q mismatching d. Pneumonia

b. ALI/ARDS (ALSO IN MECONIUM ASPIRATION)

Bronchodilators can worsen situation in a. V/Q mismatching b. NERDS c. Pneumonia d. ALI/ARDS

d. ALI/ARDS

R. equi a. bronchial b. alveolar c. interstitial d. interstitial or alveolar

d. interstitial or alveolar

Toxins a. Cl. difficile: A en B, Cl. perfringens: A en B b. Cl. difficile: A en C, Cl. perfringens: A en C c. Cl. difficile: A en C, Cl. perfringens: A en B d. Cl. difficile: A en B, Cl perfringens: A en C

d. Cl. difficile: A en B, Cl perfringens: A en C

AAD a. Cl. difficile b. Cl. perfringens

a. Cl. difficile

PCR Lawsonia a. high sensitivity/specificity b. low sensitivity/specificity c. low sensitivity, high specificity d. high sensitivity, low specificity

c. low sensitivity, high specificity (VARIABLE SENSITIVITY)

Serology Lawsonia a. high sensitivity b. low sensitivity c. high specificity d. low specificity

b. low sensitivity

Premature a. lower TH, T3 and T4 b. higher TH, T3 and T4 c. lower TH, higher T3 and T4 d. higher TH, lower T3 and T4

a. lower TH, T3 and T4

Pancreas a. alpha insulin, beta glucagon b. beta insulin, alpha glucagon

b. beta insulin, alpha glucagon

Ghrelin a. increase feed intake and GH secretion b. decrease feed intake and GH secretion c. increase feed intake, decrease GH secretion d. decrease feed intake, increase GH secretion

a. increase feed intake and GH secretion

Septic foals a. higher glucagon/TG/IGF-1 and lower ghrelin/glucose b. lower glucagon/TG/IGF-1/glucose and higher ghrelin c. higher glucagon/TG/ghrelin/GH and lower IGF-1 and glucose d. lower glucagon/TG/ghrelin/GH and higher IGF-1 and glucose

c. higher glucagon/TG/ghrelin/GH and lower IGF-1 and glucose

Hyponatremic a. acidosis b. alkalosis

a. acidosis

Deposition hemosiderin a. Zone 1 b. Zone 2 c. Zone 3

a. Zone 1

a. VLDLs mainly protein/phospolipid, HDLs mainly TG b. VLDLs mainly TG, HDLS mainly protein/phospholipid

b. VLDLs mainly TG, HDLS mainly protein/phospholipid

Lipase a. alter VLDL composition by adding TG b. alter VLDL composition by removing TG

b. alter VLDL composition by removing TG

Impaired uptake bilirubin a. Anorexia b. Prematurity c. Steroids d. Heparin e. a t/m d

e. a t/m d

Liver failure a. decreased Na due to lower aldosterone b. increased Na due to lower aldosterone c. decreased Na due to higher aldosteron d. increased Na due to higher aldosterone

d. increased Na due to higher aldosterone

Gilbert's a. unconjugated b. conjugated

a. unconjugated

Renal production ammonia increases a. low K, acidosis b. low K, alkalosis c. high K, acidosis d. high K, alkalosis

b. low K, alkalosis

Lactulose a. increased luminal pH b. decreased luminal pH

b. decreased luminal pH

Hyperlipemia a. increased lipoprotein lipase b. normal lipoprotein lipase c. decreased lipoprotein lipase

a. increased lipoprotein lipase

TSH, GH, ADH and progesterone a. oppose insulin b. act like insulin

a. oppose insulin

Heparine a. potentiates lipoprotein lipase b. reduced lipoprotein lipase

a. potentiates lipoprotein lipase (BUT ALREADY MAXIMUM)

EIA a. Culicoides imicola b. Culex pipiens c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies) d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies)