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General > General - Laatste dingen 4 > Flashcards

General - Laatste dingen 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Choleliths
a. calcium bilirubinate
b. calcium phosphate
c. calcium chorolaat
d. calcium bilirubinate and calcium phosphate

A

d. calcium bilirubinate and callcium phosphate (MOST OFTEN CALCIUM BILIRUBINATE)

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2
Q

Congenital stenosis more commOn in
a. semilunar valves
b. AV valves

A

a. semilunar valves

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3
Q

Aortocardiac fistula
a. left side systolic
b. left side diastolic
c. left side continous
d. right side systolic
e. right side diastolic
f. right side continuous

A

f. right side continuous

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4
Q

AF
a. absent S3
b. louder S3
c. absent S4
d. louder S4

A

c. absent S4

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5
Q

MVP murmur
a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo
b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic
c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

A

a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo

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6
Q

Dgenerative MV
a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo
b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic
c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

A

b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic

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7
Q

RCT MV
a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo
b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic
c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

A

c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

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8
Q

Digoxin
a. AF
b. Ventricular ectopy

A

a. AF (CONTRAINDICATED IN VENTRICULAR ECTOPY)

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9
Q

Enteroliths
a. calcium bilirubinate and calcium phosphate
b. ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)
c. calcium bilirubinate
d. calcium phosphate

A

b. ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)

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10
Q

Brachygnathism
a. parrot mouth
b. monkey or sow mouth

A

a. parrot mouth

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11
Q

Traction diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

A

a. dilation with broad neck

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11
Q

Prognathism
a. parrot mouth
b. monkey or sow mouth

A

b. monkey or sow mouth

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12
Q

True diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

A

a. dilation with broad neck

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13
Q

Pulsion diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

A

b. flask shape with small neck

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14
Q

False diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

A

b. flask shape with small neck

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15
Q

Risk gastric rupture
a. mare, grass hay, not feeding grain
b. mare, grass hay, grain
c. gelding, grass hay, not feeding grain
d. gelding, grass hay, grain

A

c. gelding, grass hay, not feeding grain

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16
Q

Lymphoma often
a. IgA deficiency
b. IgE deficiency
c. IgG deficiency
d. IgM deficiency

A

d. IgM deficiency

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17
Q

Increase MCV
a. regenerative anemia
b. non-regenerative anemia

A

a. regenerative anemia

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18
Q

Iron deficiency
a. low ferritin
b. high ferritin

A

a. low ferritin

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19
Q

Iron deficiency
a. low transferrin saturation
b. high transferrin saturation

A

a. low transferrin saturation

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20
Q

Iron deficiency
a. decreased total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
b. no difference in total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
c. increased total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

A

c. increased total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

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21
Q

Iron deficiency
a. decreased MCV/MCHC
b. increased MCV/MCHC
c. increased MCV, decreased MCHC
d. decreased MCV, increased MCHC

A

a. decreased MCV/MCHC

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22
Q

Iron deficiency
a. microcytosis, hyperchromic
b. macrocytosis, hyperchromic
c. microcytosis, hypochromic
d. macrocytosis, hypochromic

A

c. microcytosis, hypochromic

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23
Q

Iron deficiency
a. high transferrin
b. low transferrin

A

a. high transferrin

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24
Q

Myeloid-erytrhoid ratio <0.5 (normal: 0,5-3,76)
a. myeloid regeneration and erythrocyte suppression
b. erytrhocyte regeneration and myeloid suppression

A

b. erytrhocyte regeneration and myeloid suppression

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25
Q

Myelophthisis
a. reduction in all cellular ellements
b. presence of abnormal cells

A

a. reduction in all cellular ellements

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26
Q

Myelodysplasia
a. reduction in all cellular ellements
b. presence of abnormal cells

A

b. presence of abnormal cells

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27
Q

Hemophilia A and B
a. VII and IX
b. VIII and IX
c. VII and X
d. VIII and X

A

b. VIII and IX (RESPECTIVELY)

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28
Q

Fibrinolysis
a. plasminogen –> plasmin by tPa
b. fibrinogen –> fibrine by tPa
c. plasminogen –> plasmin by urokinase
d. fibrinogen –> fibrine by urokinase

A

a. plasminogen –> plasmin by tPa (BUT ALSO SOME BY UROKINASE)

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29
Q

Adverse reaction on blood transfusion
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV

A

a. I

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30
Q

Tranexamic acid
a. reversibly block lysine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation
b. irreversibly block lysine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation
c. reversibly block taurine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation
d. irreversibly block taurine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation

A

a. reversibly block lysine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation

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31
Q

Glanzmann’s thromboasthenia
a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis
b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin
c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT
d. x-recessive

A

a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis

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32
Q

Atypical equine thrombasthenia
a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis
b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin
c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT
d. x-recessive

A

b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin

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33
Q

vWF
a. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VIII (APTT can be increased)
b. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VIII (PT can be increased)
c. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VII (APTT can be increased)
d. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VII (PT can be increased)

A

a. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VIII (APTT can be increased)

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34
Q

Prekallikrein deficiency
a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis
b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin
c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT
d. x-recessive

A

c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT (BELGIAN AND MINIATURE HORSES FAMILIES)

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35
Q

Hemophilia A
a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis
b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin
c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT
d. x-recessive

A

d. x-recessive (FACTOR VIII)

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36
Q

Pancytopenia
a. reduced RBC
b. increased RBC
c. reduced WBC
d. reduced RBC and WBC

A

d. reduced RBC and WBC

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37
Q

Aplastic anemia
a. pancytopenia
b. reduced RBCs
c. reduced WBCs

A

a. pancytopenia

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38
Q

Polycythemia vera
a. primary absolute erythrocytosis
b. secondary erythrocytosis

A

a. primary absolute erythrocytosis

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39
Q

Primary absolute erythrocytosis
a. increase in erythropoietin
b. no increase in erythropoietin

A

b. no increase in erythropoietin

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40
Q

Secondary erythrocytosis
a. increase in erythropoietin
b. no increase in erythropoietin

A

a. increase in erythropoietin

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41
Q

Epidermis
a. basal, granular, spinous, cornified
b. granular, spinous, basal, cornified
c. basal, spinous, granular, cornified
d. granular, spinous, cornified basal

A

c. basal, spinous, granular, cornified

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42
Q

JBE-1
a. LAMC2
b. LAMC3
c. HERDA
d. Ehlers

A

a. LAMC2 (FRENCH AND BELGIAN DRAFTS)

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43
Q

JBE-2
a. LAMC2
b. LAMC3
c. HERDA
d. Ehlers

A

b. LAMC3 (AMERICAN SADDLEBREDS)

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44
Q

Equine viral papillomatosis
a. Culicoides imicola
b. Culex pipiens
c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies)
d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

A

d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

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45
Q

Equine coital exanthema
a. EHV-2
b. EHV-3
c. EHV-4
d. EHV-7

A

b. EHV-3

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46
Q

Pastern dermatitis
a. Staphylococcus
b. D. congolensis
c. H. asini
d. Damalinia equi

A

b. D. congolensis

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47
Q

Biting lice
a. Damalinia equi
b. Haematopinus asini

A

a. Damalinia equi

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48
Q

Sucking lice
a. Damalinia equi
b. Haematopinus asini

A

b. Haematopinus asini

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49
Q

IBH
a. Culicoides
b. Culex pipiens
c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies)
d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

A

a. Culicoides (BITING MIDGES)

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50
Q

Contact allergies
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV

A

d. IV

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51
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus
a. antibodies DSG-2 and DSG-4
b. antibodies DSG-1 and DSG-3

A

b. antibodies DSG-1 and DSG-3

52
Q

Pemphigus folicaceus
a. Acanthocytes and degenerate neutrophils
b. Acanthocytes and non degenerate neutrophils
c. No acantholysis

A

b. Acanthocytes and non degenerate neutrophils

53
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris
a. Acanthocytes and degenerate neutrophils
b. Acanthocytes and non degenerate neutrophils
c. No acantholysis

A

c. No acantholysis

54
Q

Leukocytoclastic
a. neutrophil nuclei undergo karyorrhexis
b. neutrohil nuclei don’t undergo karyorrhexis

A

a. neutrophil nuclei undergo karyorrhexis

55
Q

Better prognosis?
a. T-cell rich large B-cell lymphoma
b. T-cell lymphoma

A

a. T-cell rich large B-cell lymphoma

56
Q

Pseudolymphomata
a. presence of lymphoid nodules and mast cells
b. presence of lymphoid nodules and B-lymfocytes
c. presence of lymphoid nodules and T-lymfocytes
d. presence of lymphoid nodules and eosinophils

A

d. presence of lymphoid nodules and eosinophils

57
Q

Nodular necrobiosis
a. Equine axillary nodular necrosis
b. Eosinophilic granulomas

A

b. Eosinophilic granulomas

58
Q

Hyperkalemia
a. peaked T
b. peaked P
c. shorter PR
d. shorter QRS

A

a. peaked T

59
Q

Hyperkalemia
a. flattened T
b. shorter QRS
c. flattened P
d. shorter PR

A

c. flattened P

60
Q

Hyperkalemia
a. prolonged QRS
b. shorter PR
c. peaked P
d. flattened T

A

a. prolonged QRS

61
Q

Hyperkalemia
a. shorter QRS
b. prolonged PR
c. peaked P
d. flattened T

A

b. prolonged PR

62
Q

HCO3- reabsorption in proximal CT
a. Na dependent
b. not Na dependent

A

a. Na dependent

63
Q

HCO3- reabsorption in CD
a. Na dependent
b. not Na dependent

A

b. not Na dependent

64
Q

Aldosterone
a. produced in response to high BP in adrenal medulla
b. produceed in response to high BP in adrenal cortex
c. produced in response to low BP in adrenal medulla
d. produced in response to low BP in adrenal cortex

A

d. produced in response to low BP in adrenal cortex

65
Q

Prorenin
a. produced by proximal tubular cells
b. produced by distal tubular cells
c. produced by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arterioles
d. produced by juxtaglomerular cells in efferent arterioles

A

c. produced by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arterioles

66
Q

Liver excretes
a. renin
b. angiotensin I
c. angiotensin II
d. angiotensinogen

A

d. angiotensinogen

67
Q

Angiotensin II
a. systemic vasoconstriction
b. systemic vasodilation

A

a. systemic vasoconstriction

68
Q

Angiotensin II
a. increased baroreflex
b. reduced baroreflex

A

b. reduced baroreflex

69
Q

Angiotensin II
a. increased ADH
b. decreased ADH

A

a. increased ADH

70
Q

Angiotensin II
a. increased aldosteron release
b. decreased aldosteron release

A

a. increased aldosteron release

71
Q

PTH vs. vit D
a. PTH converts vit D to active forms
b. PTH converts vit D to non-active forms
c. Vit D converts PTH to active forms
d. Vit D converts PTH to non-active forms

A

a. PTH converts vit D to active forms

72
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism
a. increased PTH/Ca
b. decreased PTH/Ca
c. increased PTH / decreased calcium
d. decreased PTH / increased calcium

A

a. increased PTH/Ca

73
Q

Vit D deficiency
a. higher Ca
b. lower Ca

A

b. lower Ca

74
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism
a. vit D higher or CRF
b. vit D lower or CRF

A

b. vit D lower or CRF

75
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism with vit. D deficiency
a. higher PTH
b. normal PTH
c. lower PTH

A

a. higher PTH

76
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism with CRF
a. higher PTH
b. normal PTH
c. lower PTH

A

b. normal PTH (Serum PTH con centrations in horses with CRF and hypercalcemia are often in the normal range.)

77
Q

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism
a. diet low in Ca/PO4 or high in oxalate
b. diet low in Ca, high in PO4 and high in nitrate
c. diet low in Ca, high in PO4 and high in oxalate
d. diet low in Ca/PO4 and high in nitrate

A

c. diet low in Ca, high in PO4 and high in oxalate

78
Q

Increase vit D due to
a. PTH, low PO4
b. Ca, 1,25[OH]2D, FGF 23

A

a. PTH, low PO4

79
Q

Vit D
a. increase Ca absorption/reabsorption and increase PO4 reabsorption
b. increase Ca absorption/reabsorption and decrease PO4 reabsorption
c. decrease Ca absorption/reabsorption and decrease PO4 reabsorption
d. decrease Ca absorption/reabsorption and increase PO4 reabsorption

A

a. increase Ca absorption/reabsorption and increase PO4 reabsorption

80
Q

Hypercalcemia
a. high PO4
b. normal PO4
c. low PO4

A

a. high PO4

81
Q

Hypoparathyroidism
a. low PTH, low Ca/PO4/Mg
b. low PTH, low Ca/Mg, high PO4
c. low PTH, low Ca, high PO4/Mg
d. low PTH, low Ca/PO4, high Mg

A

b. low PTH, low Ca/Mg, high PO4

82
Q

PTH higher in response to
a. hypervitaminose D
b. hyper Ca
c. hyper PO4
d. hyper Mg

A

c. hyper PO4

83
Q

Predispose nutritional hyperparathyroidism
a. Ca:PO4 <1:2
b. Ca:PO4 >1:2
c. Ca:PO4 <1:3
d. Ca:PO4 >1:3

A

c. Ca:PO4 <1:3

84
Q

Goiter
a. hypothyroidism
b. hypoparathyroidism
c. hyperthryoidism
d. hyperparathyroidism

A

a. hypothyroidism

85
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism outbreaks
a. high nitrate
b. high oxalate

A

a. high nitrate

86
Q

AVP and…
a. GH
b. TRH
c. CRH
d. ACTH

87
Q

Feedback back to hypothalamus
a. T3/T4
b. cortisol

A

b. cortisol

88
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency
a. adrenal gland cortex
b. adrenal gland medulla
c. pituitary gland
d. hypothalamus

A

a. adrenal gland cortex

89
Q

Secondary adrenal insufficiency
a. adrenal gland cortex
b. adrenal gland medulla
c. pituitary gland
d. hypothalamus

A

c. pituitary gland

90
Q

Tertiairy adrenal insufficiency
a. adrenal gland cortex
b. adrenal gland medulla
c. pituitary gland
d. hypothalamus

A

d. hypothalamus

91
Q

CIRC
a. ACTH
b. ACTH stimulation test
c. dexamethason suppression test
d. CRH stimulation test

A

b. ACTH stimulation test

92
Q

PPID
a. pars intermedia
b. pars nervosa
c. pars medulla

A

a. pars intermedia

93
Q

TRH stimulation test for PPID
a. higher sensitivity
b. higher specificity
c. lower sensitivity
d. lower specificity

A

a. higher sensitivity

94
Q

Macula densa senses changes in [Na] in
a. PCT
b. DCT
c. CD

95
Q

GFR lower
a. afferent/efferent vasoconstriction
b. afferent/efferent vasodilation
c. afferent vasoconstriction, efferent vasodilation
d. afferent vasodilation, efferent vasoconstriction

A

d. afferent vasodilation, efferent vasoconstriction

96
Q

Permable for H2O
a. descending loop
b. ascending loop

A

a. descending loop

97
Q

Impermeable for H2O
a. descending loop
b. ascending loop

A

b. ascending loop

98
Q

Reabsorb Na + H2O (via aldosteron/vasopressin)
a. priniciple cells
b. intercalated cells

A

a. priniciple cells

99
Q

Type A intercalated cells
a. important in acidosis
b. important in alkalosis

A

a. important in acidosis

100
Q

Type B intercalated cells
a. important in acidosis
b. important in alkalosis

A

b. important in alkalosis

101
Q

Type A intercalated cells
a. K/HCO3 secretion, H reabsorption
b. K/HCO3 reabsorption, H secretion

A

b. K/HCO3 reabsorption, H secretion

102
Q

Type B intercalated cells
a. K/HCO3 secretion, H reabsorption
b. K/HCO3 reabsorption, H secretion

A

a. K/HCO3 secretion, H reabsorption

103
Q

Aldosterone
a. increased HCO3 production in DCT cells
b. decreased HCO3 production in DCT cells

A

a. increased HCO3 production in DCT cells

104
Q

Epineprhine / endothelin
a. constrict arterioles, increase Na reabsorption, increase RAAS
b. inhibits Na reabsorption, inhibits renin, increased in CHF

A

a. constrict arterioles, increase Na reabsorption, increase RAAS

105
Q

ANP
a. constrict arterioles, increase Na reabsorption, increase RAAS
b. inhibits Na reabsorption, inhibits renin, increased in CHF

A

b. inhibits Na reabsorption, inhibits renin, increased in CHF

106
Q

Renal tubular acidosis type 1
a. Failure H+ secretion PT
b. Failure H+ secretion DT
c. Failure HCO3 resorption PT
d. Failure HCO3 resorption DT

A

b. Failure H+ secretion DT

107
Q

Renal tubular acidosis type 2
a. Failure H+ secretion PT
b. Failure H+ secretion DT
c. Failure HCO3 resorption PT
d. Failure HCO3 resorption DT

A

c. Failure HCO3 resorption PT

108
Q

Worst acidosis
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

a. Type 1 RTA

109
Q

Worst hypokalemia
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

a. Type 1 RTA

110
Q

Glucosuria, proteinuria
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

b. Type 2 RTA (OFTEN)

111
Q

Urine pH in severe acidosis inappropriately high (in mild acidosis both inappropriately high
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

a. Type 1 RTA

112
Q

Effect alkali administration
a. hypo K better
b. hypo K worse

A

b. hypo K worse

113
Q

Highest amount of HCO3 needed
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

b. Type 2 RTA

114
Q

Ammonium chloride –> no acidic pH
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

a. Type 1 RTA

115
Q

Ammonium chloride –> acidic pH
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

b. Type 2 RTA

116
Q

Bicarbonate loading challenge –> reabsorbed
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

a. Type 1 RTA

117
Q

Bicarbonate loading challenge –> lost in urine
a. Type 1 RTA
b. Type 2 RTA

A

b. Type 2 RTA

118
Q

Low vit D
a. low Ca/PO4
b. high Ca/PO4
c. high Ca, low PO4
d. low Ca, high PO4

A

c. high Ca, low PO4 (DUE TO PTH INCREASE –> HIGHER CA BUT NOT HIGHER P)

119
Q

ARF
a. low Ca/PO4
b. high Ca/PO4
c. high Ca, low PO4
d. low Ca, high PO4

A

d. low Ca, high PO4

120
Q

CRF
a. low Ca/PO4
b. high Ca/PO4
c. high Ca, low PO4
d. low Ca, high PO4

A

c. high Ca, low PO4

121
Q

PO4 lower
a. sepsis, high carbohydrate, hyperglycemia, insulin, starvation, refeeding, hyperlipemia, PN
b. renal injury, hypoparathyroidism, vit D toxicity, metabolic acidosis, cell lysis

A

a. sepsis, high carbohydrate, hyperglycemia, insulin, starvation, refeeding, hyperlipemia, PN

122
Q

PO4 higher
a. sepsis, high carbohydrate, hyperglycemia, insulin, starvation, refeeding, hyperlipemia, PN
b. renal injury, hypoparathyroidism, vit D toxicity, metabolic acidosis, cell lysis

A

b. renal injury, hypoparathyroidism, vit D toxicity, metabolic acidosis, cell lysis

123
Q

Pseudohyperphosphatemia
a. sepsis
b. high carbohydrate
c. hyperglycemia
d. insulin
e. starvation
f. refeeding
g. hyperlipemia
h. PN
i. renal injury
j. hypoparathyroidism
k. vit D toxicity
l. metabolic acidosis
m. cell lysis

A

m. cell lysis

124
Q

PO4 higher
a. high Ca
b. low Ca

125
Q

Pheochromocytoma
a. chromaffin cells adrenal medulla
b. chromaffin cells adrenal cortex
c. mysosin cells adrenal medulla
d. mysosin cells adrenal cortex

A

a. chromaffin cells adrenal medulla

126
Q

Insulin
a. alpha
b. beta

127
Q

Glucagon
a. alpha
b. beta

General (18 decks)

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