General - Laatste dingen 4 Flashcards by AL H

Choleliths
a. calcium bilirubinate
b. calcium phosphate
c. calcium chorolaat
d. calcium bilirubinate and calcium phosphate

d. calcium bilirubinate and callcium phosphate (MOST OFTEN CALCIUM BILIRUBINATE)

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Congenital stenosis more commOn in
a. semilunar valves
b. AV valves

a. semilunar valves

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Aortocardiac fistula
a. left side systolic
b. left side diastolic
c. left side continous
d. right side systolic
e. right side diastolic
f. right side continuous

f. right side continuous

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AF
a. absent S3
b. louder S3
c. absent S4
d. louder S4

c. absent S4

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MVP murmur
a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo
b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic
c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo

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Dgenerative MV
a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo
b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic
c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic

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RCT MV
a. mid-late systolic or holosystolic cresendo
b. band shaped, holosystolic or pansystolic
c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

c. loud musical, honking, holosystolic or pansystolic

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Digoxin
a. AF
b. Ventricular ectopy

a. AF (CONTRAINDICATED IN VENTRICULAR ECTOPY)

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Enteroliths
a. calcium bilirubinate and calcium phosphate
b. ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)
c. calcium bilirubinate
d. calcium phosphate

b. ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)

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Brachygnathism
a. parrot mouth
b. monkey or sow mouth

a. parrot mouth

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Traction diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

a. dilation with broad neck

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Prognathism
a. parrot mouth
b. monkey or sow mouth

b. monkey or sow mouth

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True diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

a. dilation with broad neck

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Pulsion diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

b. flask shape with small neck

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False diverticula
a. dilation with broad neck
b. flask shape with small neck

b. flask shape with small neck

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Risk gastric rupture
a. mare, grass hay, not feeding grain
b. mare, grass hay, grain
c. gelding, grass hay, not feeding grain
d. gelding, grass hay, grain

c. gelding, grass hay, not feeding grain

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Lymphoma often
a. IgA deficiency
b. IgE deficiency
c. IgG deficiency
d. IgM deficiency

d. IgM deficiency

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Increase MCV
a. regenerative anemia
b. non-regenerative anemia

a. regenerative anemia

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Iron deficiency
a. low ferritin
b. high ferritin

a. low ferritin

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Iron deficiency
a. low transferrin saturation
b. high transferrin saturation

a. low transferrin saturation

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Iron deficiency
a. decreased total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
b. no difference in total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
c. increased total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

c. increased total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

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Iron deficiency
a. decreased MCV/MCHC
b. increased MCV/MCHC
c. increased MCV, decreased MCHC
d. decreased MCV, increased MCHC

a. decreased MCV/MCHC

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Iron deficiency
a. microcytosis, hyperchromic
b. macrocytosis, hyperchromic
c. microcytosis, hypochromic
d. macrocytosis, hypochromic

c. microcytosis, hypochromic

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Iron deficiency
a. high transferrin
b. low transferrin

a. high transferrin

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Myeloid-erytrhoid ratio <0.5 (normal: 0,5-3,76) a. myeloid regeneration and erythrocyte suppression b. erytrhocyte regeneration and myeloid suppression

b. erytrhocyte regeneration and myeloid suppression

Myelophthisis a. reduction in all cellular ellements b. presence of abnormal cells

a. reduction in all cellular ellements

Myelodysplasia a. reduction in all cellular ellements b. presence of abnormal cells

b. presence of abnormal cells

Hemophilia A and B a. VII and IX b. VIII and IX c. VII and X d. VIII and X

b. VIII and IX (RESPECTIVELY)

Fibrinolysis a. plasminogen --> plasmin by tPa b. fibrinogen --> fibrine by tPa c. plasminogen --> plasmin by urokinase d. fibrinogen --> fibrine by urokinase

a. plasminogen --> plasmin by tPa (BUT ALSO SOME BY UROKINASE)

Adverse reaction on blood transfusion a. I b. II c. III d. IV

a. I

Tranexamic acid a. reversibly block lysine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation b. irreversibly block lysine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation c. reversibly block taurine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation d. irreversibly block taurine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation

a. reversibly block lysine binding on plasminogen to prevent plasmin formation

Glanzmann's thromboasthenia a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT d. x-recessive

a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis

Atypical equine thrombasthenia a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT d. x-recessive

b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin

vWF a. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VIII (APTT can be increased) b. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VIII (PT can be increased) c. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VII (APTT can be increased) d. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VII (PT can be increased)

a. platelet adhesion/aggregation, stabilizes factor VIII (APTT can be increased)

Prekallikrein deficiency a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT d. x-recessive

c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT (BELGIAN AND MINIATURE HORSES FAMILIES)

Hemophilia A a. defect platelet fibrinogen receptor > epistaxis b. decreased fibrinogen binding in response to thrombin c. excessive hemorrhage, marked aPTT d. x-recessive

d. x-recessive (FACTOR VIII)

Pancytopenia a. reduced RBC b. increased RBC c. reduced WBC d. reduced RBC and WBC

d. reduced RBC and WBC

Aplastic anemia a. pancytopenia b. reduced RBCs c. reduced WBCs

a. pancytopenia

Polycythemia vera a. primary absolute erythrocytosis b. secondary erythrocytosis

a. primary absolute erythrocytosis

Primary absolute erythrocytosis a. increase in erythropoietin b. no increase in erythropoietin

b. no increase in erythropoietin

Secondary erythrocytosis a. increase in erythropoietin b. no increase in erythropoietin

a. increase in erythropoietin

Epidermis a. basal, granular, spinous, cornified b. granular, spinous, basal, cornified c. basal, spinous, granular, cornified d. granular, spinous, cornified basal

c. basal, spinous, granular, cornified

JBE-1 a. LAMC2 b. LAMC3 c. HERDA d. Ehlers

a. LAMC2 (FRENCH AND BELGIAN DRAFTS)

JBE-2 a. LAMC2 b. LAMC3 c. HERDA d. Ehlers

b. LAMC3 (AMERICAN SADDLEBREDS)

Equine viral papillomatosis a. Culicoides imicola b. Culex pipiens c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies) d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

Equine coital exanthema a. EHV-2 b. EHV-3 c. EHV-4 d. EHV-7

b. EHV-3

Pastern dermatitis a. Staphylococcus b. D. congolensis c. H. asini d. Damalinia equi

b. D. congolensis

Biting lice a. Damalinia equi b. Haematopinus asini

a. Damalinia equi

Sucking lice a. Damalinia equi b. Haematopinus asini

b. Haematopinus asini

IBH a. Culicoides b. Culex pipiens c. Tabanidae (horse and deer flies) d. Simulium spp. (black flies)

a. Culicoides (BITING MIDGES)

Contact allergies a. I b. II c. III d. IV

d. IV

Pemphigus foliaceus a. antibodies DSG-2 and DSG-4 b. antibodies DSG-1 and DSG-3

b. antibodies DSG-1 and DSG-3

Pemphigus folicaceus a. Acanthocytes and degenerate neutrophils b. Acanthocytes and non degenerate neutrophils c. No acantholysis

b. Acanthocytes and non degenerate neutrophils

Pemphigus vulgaris a. Acanthocytes and degenerate neutrophils b. Acanthocytes and non degenerate neutrophils c. No acantholysis

c. No acantholysis

Leukocytoclastic a. neutrophil nuclei undergo karyorrhexis b. neutrohil nuclei don't undergo karyorrhexis

a. neutrophil nuclei undergo karyorrhexis

Better prognosis? a. T-cell rich large B-cell lymphoma b. T-cell lymphoma

a. T-cell rich large B-cell lymphoma

Pseudolymphomata a. presence of lymphoid nodules and mast cells b. presence of lymphoid nodules and B-lymfocytes c. presence of lymphoid nodules and T-lymfocytes d. presence of lymphoid nodules and eosinophils

d. presence of lymphoid nodules and eosinophils

Nodular necrobiosis a. Equine axillary nodular necrosis b. Eosinophilic granulomas

b. Eosinophilic granulomas

Hyperkalemia a. peaked T b. peaked P c. shorter PR d. shorter QRS

a. peaked T

Hyperkalemia a. flattened T b. shorter QRS c. flattened P d. shorter PR

c. flattened P

Hyperkalemia a. prolonged QRS b. shorter PR c. peaked P d. flattened T

a. prolonged QRS

Hyperkalemia a. shorter QRS b. prolonged PR c. peaked P d. flattened T

b. prolonged PR

HCO3- reabsorption in proximal CT a. Na dependent b. not Na dependent

a. Na dependent

HCO3- reabsorption in CD a. Na dependent b. not Na dependent

b. not Na dependent

Aldosterone a. produced in response to high BP in adrenal medulla b. produceed in response to high BP in adrenal cortex c. produced in response to low BP in adrenal medulla d. produced in response to low BP in adrenal cortex

d. produced in response to low BP in adrenal cortex

Prorenin a. produced by proximal tubular cells b. produced by distal tubular cells c. produced by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arterioles d. produced by juxtaglomerular cells in efferent arterioles

c. produced by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arterioles

Liver excretes a. renin b. angiotensin I c. angiotensin II d. angiotensinogen

d. angiotensinogen

Angiotensin II a. systemic vasoconstriction b. systemic vasodilation

a. systemic vasoconstriction

Angiotensin II a. increased baroreflex b. reduced baroreflex

b. reduced baroreflex

Angiotensin II a. increased ADH b. decreased ADH

a. increased ADH

Angiotensin II a. increased aldosteron release b. decreased aldosteron release

a. increased aldosteron release

PTH vs. vit D a. PTH converts vit D to active forms b. PTH converts vit D to non-active forms c. Vit D converts PTH to active forms d. Vit D converts PTH to non-active forms

a. PTH converts vit D to active forms

Primary hyperparathyroidism a. increased PTH/Ca b. decreased PTH/Ca c. increased PTH / decreased calcium d. decreased PTH / increased calcium

a. increased PTH/Ca

Vit D deficiency a. higher Ca b. lower Ca

b. lower Ca

Secondary hyperparathyroidism a. vit D higher or CRF b. vit D lower or CRF

b. vit D lower or CRF

Secondary hyperparathyroidism with vit. D deficiency a. higher PTH b. normal PTH c. lower PTH

a. higher PTH

Secondary hyperparathyroidism with CRF a. higher PTH b. normal PTH c. lower PTH

b. normal PTH (Serum PTH con centrations in horses with CRF and hypercalcemia are often in the normal range.)

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism a. diet low in Ca/PO4 or high in oxalate b. diet low in Ca, high in PO4 and high in nitrate c. diet low in Ca, high in PO4 and high in oxalate d. diet low in Ca/PO4 and high in nitrate

c. diet low in Ca, high in PO4 and high in oxalate

Increase vit D due to a. PTH, low PO4 b. Ca, 1,25[OH]2D, FGF 23

a. PTH, low PO4

Vit D a. increase Ca absorption/reabsorption and increase PO4 reabsorption b. increase Ca absorption/reabsorption and decrease PO4 reabsorption c. decrease Ca absorption/reabsorption and decrease PO4 reabsorption d. decrease Ca absorption/reabsorption and increase PO4 reabsorption

a. increase Ca absorption/reabsorption and increase PO4 reabsorption

Hypercalcemia a. high PO4 b. normal PO4 c. low PO4

a. high PO4

Hypoparathyroidism a. low PTH, low Ca/PO4/Mg b. low PTH, low Ca/Mg, high PO4 c. low PTH, low Ca, high PO4/Mg d. low PTH, low Ca/PO4, high Mg

b. low PTH, low Ca/Mg, high PO4

PTH higher in response to a. hypervitaminose D b. hyper Ca c. hyper PO4 d. hyper Mg

c. hyper PO4

Predispose nutritional hyperparathyroidism a. Ca:PO4 <1:2 b. Ca:PO4 >1:2 c. Ca:PO4 <1:3 d. Ca:PO4 >1:3

c. Ca:PO4 <1:3

Goiter a. hypothyroidism b. hypoparathyroidism c. hyperthryoidism d. hyperparathyroidism

a. hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism outbreaks a. high nitrate b. high oxalate

a. high nitrate

AVP and... a. GH b. TRH c. CRH d. ACTH

c. CRH

Feedback back to hypothalamus a. T3/T4 b. cortisol

b. cortisol

Primary adrenal insufficiency a. adrenal gland cortex b. adrenal gland medulla c. pituitary gland d. hypothalamus

a. adrenal gland cortex

Secondary adrenal insufficiency a. adrenal gland cortex b. adrenal gland medulla c. pituitary gland d. hypothalamus

c. pituitary gland

Tertiairy adrenal insufficiency a. adrenal gland cortex b. adrenal gland medulla c. pituitary gland d. hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

CIRC a. ACTH b. ACTH stimulation test c. dexamethason suppression test d. CRH stimulation test

b. ACTH stimulation test

PPID a. pars intermedia b. pars nervosa c. pars medulla

a. pars intermedia

TRH stimulation test for PPID a. higher sensitivity b. higher specificity c. lower sensitivity d. lower specificity

a. higher sensitivity

Macula densa senses changes in [Na] in a. PCT b. DCT c. CD

b. DCT

GFR lower a. afferent/efferent vasoconstriction b. afferent/efferent vasodilation c. afferent vasoconstriction, efferent vasodilation d. afferent vasodilation, efferent vasoconstriction

d. afferent vasodilation, efferent vasoconstriction

Permable for H2O a. descending loop b. ascending loop

a. descending loop

Impermeable for H2O a. descending loop b. ascending loop

b. ascending loop

Reabsorb Na + H2O (via aldosteron/vasopressin) a. priniciple cells b. intercalated cells

a. priniciple cells

Type A intercalated cells a. important in acidosis b. important in alkalosis

a. important in acidosis

Type B intercalated cells a. important in acidosis b. important in alkalosis

b. important in alkalosis

Type A intercalated cells a. K/HCO3 secretion, H reabsorption b. K/HCO3 reabsorption, H secretion

b. K/HCO3 reabsorption, H secretion

Type B intercalated cells a. K/HCO3 secretion, H reabsorption b. K/HCO3 reabsorption, H secretion

a. K/HCO3 secretion, H reabsorption

Aldosterone a. increased HCO3 production in DCT cells b. decreased HCO3 production in DCT cells

a. increased HCO3 production in DCT cells

Epineprhine / endothelin a. constrict arterioles, increase Na reabsorption, increase RAAS b. inhibits Na reabsorption, inhibits renin, increased in CHF

a. constrict arterioles, increase Na reabsorption, increase RAAS

ANP a. constrict arterioles, increase Na reabsorption, increase RAAS b. inhibits Na reabsorption, inhibits renin, increased in CHF

b. inhibits Na reabsorption, inhibits renin, increased in CHF

Renal tubular acidosis type 1 a. Failure H+ secretion PT b. Failure H+ secretion DT c. Failure HCO3 resorption PT d. Failure HCO3 resorption DT

b. Failure H+ secretion DT

Renal tubular acidosis type 2 a. Failure H+ secretion PT b. Failure H+ secretion DT c. Failure HCO3 resorption PT d. Failure HCO3 resorption DT

c. Failure HCO3 resorption PT

Worst acidosis a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

a. Type 1 RTA

Worst hypokalemia a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

a. Type 1 RTA

Glucosuria, proteinuria a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

b. Type 2 RTA (OFTEN)

Urine pH in severe acidosis inappropriately high (in mild acidosis both inappropriately high a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

a. Type 1 RTA

Effect alkali administration a. hypo K better b. hypo K worse

b. hypo K worse

Highest amount of HCO3 needed a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

b. Type 2 RTA

Ammonium chloride --> no acidic pH a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

a. Type 1 RTA

Ammonium chloride --> acidic pH a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

b. Type 2 RTA

Bicarbonate loading challenge --> reabsorbed a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

a. Type 1 RTA

Bicarbonate loading challenge --> lost in urine a. Type 1 RTA b. Type 2 RTA

b. Type 2 RTA

Low vit D a. low Ca/PO4 b. high Ca/PO4 c. high Ca, low PO4 d. low Ca, high PO4

c. high Ca, low PO4 (DUE TO PTH INCREASE --> HIGHER CA BUT NOT HIGHER P)

ARF a. low Ca/PO4 b. high Ca/PO4 c. high Ca, low PO4 d. low Ca, high PO4

d. low Ca, high PO4

CRF a. low Ca/PO4 b. high Ca/PO4 c. high Ca, low PO4 d. low Ca, high PO4

c. high Ca, low PO4

PO4 lower a. sepsis, high carbohydrate, hyperglycemia, insulin, starvation, refeeding, hyperlipemia, PN b. renal injury, hypoparathyroidism, vit D toxicity, metabolic acidosis, cell lysis

a. sepsis, high carbohydrate, hyperglycemia, insulin, starvation, refeeding, hyperlipemia, PN

PO4 higher a. sepsis, high carbohydrate, hyperglycemia, insulin, starvation, refeeding, hyperlipemia, PN b. renal injury, hypoparathyroidism, vit D toxicity, metabolic acidosis, cell lysis

b. renal injury, hypoparathyroidism, vit D toxicity, metabolic acidosis, cell lysis

Pseudohyperphosphatemia a. sepsis b. high carbohydrate c. hyperglycemia d. insulin e. starvation f. refeeding g. hyperlipemia h. PN i. renal injury j. hypoparathyroidism k. vit D toxicity l. metabolic acidosis m. cell lysis

m. cell lysis

PO4 higher a. high Ca b. low Ca

b. low Ca

Pheochromocytoma a. chromaffin cells adrenal medulla b. chromaffin cells adrenal cortex c. mysosin cells adrenal medulla d. mysosin cells adrenal cortex

a. chromaffin cells adrenal medulla

Insulin a. alpha b. beta

b. beta

Glucagon a. alpha b. beta

a. alpha