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2nd Latin Vocabulary > General Grammar > Flashcards

General Grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

How does one express Accompaniment?

A

‘cum’ + ablative

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2
Q

How does one express Time When

A

Ablative

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3
Q

How does one express Time Within Which

A

Ablative

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4
Q

How does one express Duration of Time (Time during which)

A

Accusative

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5
Q

How does one express Extent of Space

A

Accusative

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6
Q

How does one express “with respect to” which something is true

A

Ablative (the Ablative of Respect/Specification)

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7
Q

How does one use the Double Dative

A
  • two Datives in close proximity (Purpose/Service and Reference)
  • One denotes the PURPOSE, with reference to the Second Dative
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8
Q

How does one express comparison with ‘quam’

A

same case before and after ‘than; + comparative adjective

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9
Q

How does one express comparison without ‘quam’

A

Ablative with no preposition + comparative adjective

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10
Q

How does one express Degree of Difference

A

Ablative used with comparatives (Expresses the Degree of Difference).
- used with Superlatives when there is an IMPLICIT comparative judgement being made

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11
Q

How does one use the Partitive Genitive

A

Genitive: expresses the whole group.

The word on which the Genitive Depends: expresses the part.

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12
Q

How does one express ‘more… (men)’

A

Plus/Plures + Partitive Genitive

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13
Q

How does one express ‘He has enough money and he has more money than you’

A

With Partitive Genitives. ‘Satis pecuniae… Plus pecuniae…’

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14
Q

Another way of expressing the Partitive Genitive? When is this better?

A

e(ex), de + ablative. if the word denoting the part is a cardinal numeral

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15
Q

The Ablative Absolute. Can translate as?

A

‘with, when, since, if, although’

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16
Q

The Ablative Absolute as a clause

A

it MUST have a different subject than the next clause

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17
Q

How does one express ‘because of…’ Both ways

A
  • Ablative of cause: ‘because of [Ablative]’

- propter/ob + Accusative

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18
Q

How does one express the quality of another noun

A

Ablative and Genitive of Description modified by an adjective. ‘a [noun] OF [adjective + A/G]’

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19
Q

How does one use the Subjective Genitive

A

a verbal idea understood in nouns/adjectives of feeling or action. The noun that is the subject of this verbal idea is the Subjective Genitive: ‘feminae amor = a woman’s love’

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20
Q

How does one express the Objective Genitive

A

a verbal idea understood in nouns/adjectives of feeling or action. The noun that is its object of this verbal idea is the Objective Gentive: ‘metus belli= fear of war’

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21
Q

How does one use the Predicate Genitive

A

as a Genitive of Characteristic.

  • It can be modified by an adjective
  • often accompanied by ‘sum’
  • it denotes a characteristic or class
  • translates as ‘it is the mark of…’
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22
Q

How does one express Exclamation

A

Accusative

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23
Q

How does one use the Greek Accusative

A
  • It is an accusative of Respect (rather than Ablative)
  • poetic
  • expresses the part effected, often specifies the part of the body
  • after middle voice verbs (where the subject performs the action and experiences its effects)
  • often passive forms used in a reflexive sense
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24
Q

What is the Adverbial Accusative

A

when the Accusative of respect functioning adverbially.
-singular neuter forms turned to adverbs
‘with respect to the greatest part = maximam partem’
‘at that time = with respect to that of time = Id temporis’
‘he works a lot = he works with respect to much = Multum laborat’

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25
Q

How does one create expressions of Remembering and Forgetting

A

Genitive/Accusative of the thing forgotten/remembered.

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26
Q

How does one express Indefinite Value? What verbs is it found with?

A
  • a few neuter adjective and some nouns which imply utter worthlessness are used in the Genitive.
  • The Genitive expresses the value of the person/thing/situation if the value is indefinite/not specifically determined
  • found with verbs that mean ‘consider, reckon, value’
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27
Q

How does one express the price of something

A

with an instrumental Ablative (an Ablative of means) –> the Ablative of Price. The “for (price)”

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28
Q

How does one express Accusation and Condemnation

A

The Genitive is used to express the charge or penalty

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29
Q

How does one express Means

A

Ablative without a preposition expresses the means/instrument by which something is done

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30
Q

How does one express Manner

A
  • ‘cum’ + Ablative (not modified by an adjective)
  • Ablative modified by an adjective (‘cum’ is optional)
  • expresses the way/manner in which something is done
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31
Q

What is the Personal Agent

A

the person doing the action of a passive verb

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32
Q

How does one express the Personal Agent

A

a(ab) + Ablative

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33
Q

When is the Personal Agent different, and how?

A
  • with the Passive Periphrastic the Agent is in the Dative, without a preposition
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34
Q

How does one express Possession with forms of the verb ‘sum’

A

The Dative shows Possession

‘The crown is the queen’s = the crown is to the queen = corona est reginae’

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35
Q

How does one express Separation/Deprivation

A

The Ablative is used to express ‘from’

  • Often the Ablative is on its own but a(ab), e(ex) and de are optional.
  • Related to this is the Ablative of origin/descent
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36
Q

How does one express Place From Which

A

a(ab), e(ex), de + Ablative

Except for: names of towns, cities, small islands, ‘domus’, and ‘rus’ which take no preposition.

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37
Q

How does one express Place To Which

A

ad + Accusative

Except for: names of towns, cities, small islands, ‘domus’ and ‘rus’ which take no preposition.

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38
Q

Present Infinitives

A

A: are, ere, ere, ire
P: ari, eri, i, iri

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39
Q

Perfect Infinitives

A

A: perfect stem + isse (optavisse)
P: PPP – esse (optatus esse)

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40
Q

Future Infinitives

A

A: FAP – esse (optaturus esse)
P: PPP – iri (optatum iri)

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41
Q

Present Imperatives

A

A; a, e, e, i — ate, ete, ite, ite

P are, ere, ere, ire — mini

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42
Q

Future Imperatives

A

A: to — tote/nto (2nt/3rd person)
P: tor — ntor

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43
Q

Negative Imperatives

A

Noli + present infinitive (ne + present/perfect subjunctive)

— Nolite + present infinitive (ne + present/perfect subjunctive)

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44
Q

The Negative of a PC

A

‘ne’

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45
Q

IS

A

subject accusative, verb infinitive

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46
Q

The Negative of a CofR

A

ut non

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47
Q

what are CofR

A

signalled by
Adjectives: tantus-a-um, talis-e, tot.
Adverbs: its, tam, sic, adeo.

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48
Q

Tense exception of CofR

A

perfect subjunctive in secondary sequence can stress the action being completed

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49
Q

DQ, yes expected

A

‘nonne’

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50
Q

DQ, no expected

A

‘num’

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51
Q

What is an IQ

A

clauses that take place after words that imply actions that take place in the head. Introduced by W.W.W.W.W.H

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52
Q

Double IQ Negative

A

utrum/-ne/- …necne (not an non) [necne for uncertainty- verbs are in subjunctive, after all]

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53
Q

Double DQ NEgative

A

utrum/-ne/– … an non/(annon/anne)

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54
Q

Adjectives of the 3rd Declension

A

3,2,1 terminations. (acer-cris-cre, omnis-e, ingens-ntis)
All -i stems as such
(M/F): ns, ntem, ntis, nti, nti — ntes, ntes(is), ntium, ntibus, ntibus
(N) ns, ns, ntis, nti, nti — ntia, ntia, ntium, ntibus, ntibus

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55
Q

Present Participles

A

declined like a ONE termination 3rd Adjective.

BUT: Ablative Singular is -i ending (used as an attributive adjective) or -e ending (used as a noun)

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56
Q

Participles can be translated as

A

‘when, since, slthough, since, if’

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57
Q

Rules for finding III i-stems

A

1) Nsing and Gsing have the same amount of syllables
2) noun stem ends in two consonants, except if the second is and ‘l’ or ‘r’
3) Nsing of a neuter noun ends in ‘e’, ‘al’, ‘ar’

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58
Q

the Locative Case expresses

A

‘Place in which’ and ‘Place where’

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59
Q

the Locative Case is (for the special words)

A

1st nouns:
Sg: G singular (‘ae’)
Pl: Ab plural (‘is’)

2nd nouns:
Sg: G singular (‘i’)
Pl: Ab plural (‘is’)

3rd nouns:
Sg: Ab singular (‘e’ or ‘i’)
Pl: Ab plural (‘ibus’)

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60
Q

The Vocative case is

A

identical to the Nominative except for 2nd Declensions
ending in -us: -e
ending in -ius: ‘i

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61
Q

Meus-a-um has a vocative

A

Mi

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62
Q

Adjectives with a Genitive singular -ius

A 
alius-a-ud (other)
alter, altera, alterum (the other [of two])
ullus-a-um (any)
nullus-a-um (no, none)
uter, utra, utrum (which [of two])
neuter, neutra, neutrum (neither)
solus-a-um (only)
unus-a-um (one, alone)
totus-a-um (whole, all)
--> Taannuuus
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63
Q

Adjective comparatives

A

-ior -ius. decline like 3rds. NOT -i stems

64
Q

Adverb Formation

A

1st/2nd Declensions: -e

3rd Declensions: -iter

65
Q

Adverb comparatives/superlative

A
  • ius

- issime (-rime, -lime)

66
Q

Deponent Active Infinitives (Precor)

A

Present: Precari
Perfect: Precatus esse
Future: Precaturus esse

67
Q

Deponent Active Participles (Precor)

A

Present: Precans
Perfect: Precatus-a-um
Future: Precaturus-a-um

68
Q

Deponent Passive Participles (Precor)

A

Present: -
Perfect: -
Future: Precandus-a-um

69
Q

Perfect Active Syncopation

A

-vi- and -ve- can be dropped. -ere can replace -erunt

70
Q

‘cum’ Temporal Clause

A
  • refers strictly to time
  • action is coordinate with that of the main verb
  • ‘at the very time when’
71
Q

Verbs of a ‘cum’ Temporal Clause

A

Indicative

72
Q

‘cum’ Circumstantial Clause

A
  • states the circumstances in which the main verb takes place
  • ‘when’ ‘under the circumstances of’
73
Q

Verbs of a ‘cum’ Circumstantial Clause

A

primary: Indicative
Secondary: Subjunctive

74
Q

‘cum’ Causal Clause

A

‘since’ ‘because’

75
Q

Verbs of a ‘cum’ Causal Clause

A

Subjunctive

76
Q

‘cum’ Concessive Clause

A

‘although’

‘tamen’ in the main clause can indicate Concessive ‘cum’ clause.

77
Q

Verbs of a ‘cum’ Causal Clause

A

subjunctive

78
Q

‘Cum’ can also mean X, what verbs in this case?

A

can mean “whenever”
Primary: -perfect indicative translated as present
Secondary: -pluperfect indicative translated as imperfect

79
Q

‘Cum’Clauses can be replaced by

A

Ablative Absolutes

80
Q

Other words that can introduce Temporal Clauses, What Verbs

A

ut, ubi, postquam, quando

81
Q

Other words that can introduce Causal Clauses, What Verbs

A

quoniam, quando + indicative (almost always)

quod, quia + subjunctive/ indicative (allegedly/ actually)

82
Q

Other words that can introduce Concessive Clauses, What Verbs

A

quamquam + indicative
Etsi + indic/subj (act/all)
quamvis + subjunctive

83
Q

Quod, Quia. Meaning and Verb

A

‘because’ + indicative/subjunctive (actually/allegedly)

84
Q

Dum, Donec, Quoad. Meaning and Verb

A

‘until’ –> ordinary rules
‘as long as’ –> indicative same as main verb
‘while’ –> present indicative (for action in past time ‘historical present’)

85
Q

Ante, Prius, Antequam, Priusquam. Meaning and Verb

A

“before”
temporal: indicative
purpose, intention, idea; secondary sequence: subjunctive
purpose, intention, idea; primary sequence: indicative (present, future perfect), but sometimes present subjunctive

86
Q

Clauses of Proviso

  • meaning
  • verbs
  • negative
A

Dum, Modo, Dummodo: ‘if only, provided that’
-express conditional wishes
- present and imperfect subjunctive
Negative: ne

87
Q

Jussive + Hortatory

A

3rd person, 1st person.
present subjunctive
‘let’ ‘let’s’

88
Q

Optative (possible)

-different cases

A 
'I wish he would....'
'if only he would...'
' would that he may...'
present subjunctive: a wish for the future
can be introduced by: utinam, ut.
89
Q

Optative (impossible)

-different cases

A

Wish incapable of fulfilment
Imperfect subjunctive for present time: ‘I wish he were…’ ‘if only he were…’ ‘would that he were…’
Pluperfect Subjunctive for past time: ‘I wish he had…’ ‘if only he had…’ ‘would that he had…’

90
Q

Deliberative

-different cases

A

A rhetorical question asked for effect (not for an answer) used to deliberate about something.
Present subjunctive: ‘what am I to do?’ ‘What should I do
Imperfect Subjunctive: ‘what was I to do?’ ‘what should I have done?’

91
Q

Potential

  • present
  • future
  • past
A

‘would, could, might’
for Present/Future potentiality: present (sometimes perfect) subjunctive
for past potentiality: imperfect subjucntive

92
Q

Potential (negative)

A

non

93
Q

Jussive + Hortatory (negative)

A

ne

94
Q

Deliberative (negative)

A

non

95
Q

Optative (negative)

A

utinam ne, ne

96
Q

Verbs of Prevention and their Verbs

A

Veto, Prohibeo + infinitive

Deterreo, Impedio, Obsto + subjunctive

97
Q

Verbs of Prevention (positive)

A

introduced by ‘quominus’ (by which the less) or ‘ne’ (in order that not)

98
Q

Verbs of PRevention (negative)

A

introduced by ‘quominus’ (by which the less) or ‘quin’ (but that)

99
Q

Clauses of Doubting constructions

A

Dubito + infinitive: ‘hesitate’
Dubito + positive (I doubt): introduces an IQ (num/an = whether)
Dubito + negative (I don’t doubt): quin (but that) + subjunctive clause.
OR a virtual negative (who doubts = implication that no one doubts)

100
Q

Clauses of Fearing

A

subjunctive Clauses
Positive: ne
Negative: ut

Sequences of tenses bu if the futurity is stressed: Active Periphrastic used

101
Q

efficere ut/ne

A

‘to bring it about that’ + sunjucntive

102
Q

facere ut/ne

A

‘to see to it that’ + subjunctive

103
Q

accidit ut/ ne

A

‘it happens that’ +subjunctive

104
Q

fit ut

A

’ it comes about that’ ‘it happens that’ + subjunctive

105
Q

fieri potest ut

A

‘it is able to happen that’ ‘it his possible that’ +subjucntive

106
Q

quod as introducing a substantive clause of result

A

‘the fact that’ + indicative

  • subject/object of another verb
  • or in opposition to the subject of that other verb
107
Q

Clauses of Result

A

introduced by Adjectives: tantus-a-um, talis-e, tot
and Adverbs: ita, tam, sic, adeo

IF the Perfect Subjunctive is used in 2ndary sequence this can stress completed action

108
Q

Clauses of Result (negative)

A

ut non

109
Q

Relative Clauses of Characteristic

A

(RP) qui, quae, quod + subjunctive
-describes the antecedent in terms of general characteristic
-‘the kind of man’ rather than ‘the actual man’
‘kind of’ ‘sort of’

110
Q

Relative Clauses of Characteristic (negative)

A

quin or qui/quae/quod…non

111
Q

Relative Clauses of Result

A

qui, quae, quod instead of ut

‘(with the result) that’

112
Q

Relative Clauses of Purpose

A

Introduced by Quo (by which): introduces a PC which contains a -comparative.
OR an Adverb: RP (who may)/PP/ubi (where), unde (from where), quo ([to] where)

-verbs in SUBJUNCTIVE!

These words can translate as they would normally or as ‘in order that’

113
Q

Gerundive is preferred over Gerund

A

for governing an object

114
Q

The Gerundive is not used for

A

governing neuter adjectives, or pronouns, or Genitive Plurals

115
Q

Supine

A

Verbal neuter noun.
Accusative (-um): after verbs of motion without a preposition to express purpose (to/in order to)

Ablative (-u): used with some adjectives(facilis, dulcis, turpis, fas, nefas). It is an ablative of respect (-‘to’) [does not take an accusative]

116
Q

ad + accusative Gerund(ive)

A

‘for the purpose of’

117
Q

Gentive Gerund(ive) + causa

A

‘for the sake of’

118
Q

Gerund(ive) + ad/causa can be replaced by

A

an ut clause

119
Q

(a(ab), e(ex), de) + Ablative Gerund (or just Ab Gerund on its own)

A

expresses instrument/means

120
Q

Gerundive is necessary for

A

In order to avoid direct object with:

  • the Dative of the Gerund
  • the Accusative of the gerund+preposition
  • the Ablative of the Gerund+preposition
121
Q

‘the same’

A

idem, eadem, idem

122
Q

‘that…(of yours)’

A

iste, ista, istud

123
Q

Relative Pronoun

A

qui,quae, quod ‘whom, which’

124
Q

Interrogative Adjective

A

qui, quae, quod ‘which? what?’

125
Q

Interrogative Pronoun

A

quis, quid ‘whom? what?

126
Q

‘certain’ (pronoun)

A

quidam, quaedam, quiddam

127
Q

‘certain’ (adjective)

A

quidam, quaedam, quoddam

128
Q

The Main Indefinite Pronoun 1 and its adjective

A

aliquis, aliquid (someone, something, anyone, anything). Adjective: aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (some, any)

129
Q

the Indefinite Pronoun after si, nisi, num, ne and its adjective

A

quis, quid(someone, something, anyone, anything). Adjective: qui, qua, quod (some, any)

130
Q

the Indefinite Pronoun after negative sentences or sentences that imply negation and its adjective

A

quisquam, quidquam/quicquam. Adjective: ullus, ulla, ulllum

131
Q

The Main Indefinite Pronoun 2 and its adjective

A

quisque, quidque/quicque (each, each one, every, every one). Adjective: quique, quaeque, quodque (each, every)

132
Q

the Main Indefinite Pronoun 2 only appears after X(?). otherwise it appears as?

A

superlative, relative pronoun, interrogative pronoun, ordinal number, reflexive pronoun.

unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquodque

133
Q

Interest & Refert

A

‘it concerns, it is of interest, it is in the interest of’
Genitive of Person concerned, but if a PP is desired: ablative adjectival forms (mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra)

Thing of concern: infinitive, ut clause, neuter singular demonstrative pronoun

134
Q

‘Fore ut’ is used for

A

=futurum esse ut

1) Future Passive in IS [scit fore ut ipse a civibus laudetur]
2) future active idea when the verb has no 4th PP (thus no Future Active Infinitive)
- -> essential for possum

135
Q

Verb after Fore ut

A

will be present or imperfect subjunctive, depending on whether the head verb is primary or secondary sequence

136
Q

putat fore ut… scribere possit

sentit fore ut… laudetur

A

he thinks that…(x) will be able to write…

He feels that…(x) will/would be praised…

137
Q

If there is no perfect participle active

A

1) make the participle agree with the subject or object. 2) If this is not possible us the Ablative Absolute

138
Q

“saying this”

A

“having said this” …a participle

139
Q

Three common English sentence types that, in Latin, must be constructed using Participles

A

1) Two simple verbs joined by “and” or “but”
2) Phrases with prepositions or conjunctions
3) Clauses denoting time, cause etc.

140
Q

“nineteen years old”

A

undeviginti annos NATUS

141
Q

“three days before/after”

A

tribus ANTE/POST diebus

142
Q

“three days ago”

A

ABHINC tres dies

143
Q

how does one say “told”

A

Passive of Dico = Is said. Certior fieri

144
Q

“et” and forbidden placement

A

“et can never go before a negative, use neque

145
Q

Correct the following: et nunquam

A

neque umquam

146
Q

Correct the following: et nulla navis

A

neque ulla navis

147
Q

Compound verbs with sum (such as praesum) take

A

the Dative

148
Q

Words that take the subjunctive without ut

A

volo, oportet, licet, dic!, fac

149
Q

When is a ‘dum clause’ always present indicative

A

when the dum-clause covers a period of time greater than the main clause, it has the present indicative after all tenses

150
Q

‘num quis’ in a DQ

A

is there no-one who?

151
Q

When might the subjunctive be used in Direct Question

A

deliberative/potential subjunctive: quid faciam?/num id fecisses?

152
Q

nescio an/haud scio an +subjucntive

A

‘I rather think…’ (a modest assertion)

153
Q

Future in IQs

A

(no future subjunctive, and no records of futurum sit)

present/imperfect subjunctive must be used with ‘mox, brevi, postea’

154
Q

‘as soon as’

A

simulac, cum primum + indicative

155
Q

‘1) oportet, 2) necesse est, 3) licet’

A

Noun case is subject

1) it is necessary/proper –> Acc + inf
2) it is necessary –> Acc + inf, Dat + inf, ut clause
3) it is permitted –> Acc + inf, Dat + inf, ut clause

156
Q

‘1) miseret, 2) piget, 3) taedet’

A

Accusative Subject, Genitive of object

1) it pities, it moves to pity
2) it disgusts
3) it bores, it disgusts

157
Q

1) taedet, 2) paenitet, 3) pudet’

A

Accusative Subject, Genitive of object

1) it bores, it disgusts
2) it repents
3) it shames

2nd Latin Vocabulary (14 decks)

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