General Grammar Flashcards
How does one express Accompaniment?
‘cum’ + ablative
How does one express Time When
Ablative
How does one express Time Within Which
Ablative
How does one express Duration of Time (Time during which)
Accusative
How does one express Extent of Space
Accusative
How does one express “with respect to” which something is true
Ablative (the Ablative of Respect/Specification)
How does one use the Double Dative
- two Datives in close proximity (Purpose/Service and Reference)
- One denotes the PURPOSE, with reference to the Second Dative
How does one express comparison with ‘quam’
same case before and after ‘than; + comparative adjective
How does one express comparison without ‘quam’
Ablative with no preposition + comparative adjective
How does one express Degree of Difference
Ablative used with comparatives (Expresses the Degree of Difference).
- used with Superlatives when there is an IMPLICIT comparative judgement being made
How does one use the Partitive Genitive
Genitive: expresses the whole group.
The word on which the Genitive Depends: expresses the part.
How does one express ‘more… (men)’
Plus/Plures + Partitive Genitive
How does one express ‘He has enough money and he has more money than you’
With Partitive Genitives. ‘Satis pecuniae… Plus pecuniae…’
Another way of expressing the Partitive Genitive? When is this better?
e(ex), de + ablative. if the word denoting the part is a cardinal numeral
The Ablative Absolute. Can translate as?
‘with, when, since, if, although’
The Ablative Absolute as a clause
it MUST have a different subject than the next clause
How does one express ‘because of…’ Both ways
- Ablative of cause: ‘because of [Ablative]’
- propter/ob + Accusative
How does one express the quality of another noun
Ablative and Genitive of Description modified by an adjective. ‘a [noun] OF [adjective + A/G]’
How does one use the Subjective Genitive
a verbal idea understood in nouns/adjectives of feeling or action. The noun that is the subject of this verbal idea is the Subjective Genitive: ‘feminae amor = a woman’s love’
How does one express the Objective Genitive
a verbal idea understood in nouns/adjectives of feeling or action. The noun that is its object of this verbal idea is the Objective Gentive: ‘metus belli= fear of war’
How does one use the Predicate Genitive
as a Genitive of Characteristic.
- It can be modified by an adjective
- often accompanied by ‘sum’
- it denotes a characteristic or class
- translates as ‘it is the mark of…’
How does one express Exclamation
Accusative
How does one use the Greek Accusative
- It is an accusative of Respect (rather than Ablative)
- poetic
- expresses the part effected, often specifies the part of the body
- after middle voice verbs (where the subject performs the action and experiences its effects)
- often passive forms used in a reflexive sense
What is the Adverbial Accusative
when the Accusative of respect functioning adverbially.
-singular neuter forms turned to adverbs
‘with respect to the greatest part = maximam partem’
‘at that time = with respect to that of time = Id temporis’
‘he works a lot = he works with respect to much = Multum laborat’
How does one create expressions of Remembering and Forgetting
Genitive/Accusative of the thing forgotten/remembered.
How does one express Indefinite Value? What verbs is it found with?
- a few neuter adjective and some nouns which imply utter worthlessness are used in the Genitive.
- The Genitive expresses the value of the person/thing/situation if the value is indefinite/not specifically determined
- found with verbs that mean ‘consider, reckon, value’
How does one express the price of something
with an instrumental Ablative (an Ablative of means) –> the Ablative of Price. The “for (price)”
How does one express Accusation and Condemnation
The Genitive is used to express the charge or penalty
How does one express Means
Ablative without a preposition expresses the means/instrument by which something is done
How does one express Manner
- ‘cum’ + Ablative (not modified by an adjective)
- Ablative modified by an adjective (‘cum’ is optional)
- expresses the way/manner in which something is done
What is the Personal Agent
the person doing the action of a passive verb
How does one express the Personal Agent
a(ab) + Ablative
When is the Personal Agent different, and how?
- with the Passive Periphrastic the Agent is in the Dative, without a preposition
How does one express Possession with forms of the verb ‘sum’
The Dative shows Possession
‘The crown is the queen’s = the crown is to the queen = corona est reginae’
How does one express Separation/Deprivation
The Ablative is used to express ‘from’
- Often the Ablative is on its own but a(ab), e(ex) and de are optional.
- Related to this is the Ablative of origin/descent
How does one express Place From Which
a(ab), e(ex), de + Ablative
Except for: names of towns, cities, small islands, ‘domus’, and ‘rus’ which take no preposition.
How does one express Place To Which
ad + Accusative
Except for: names of towns, cities, small islands, ‘domus’ and ‘rus’ which take no preposition.
Present Infinitives
A: are, ere, ere, ire
P: ari, eri, i, iri
Perfect Infinitives
A: perfect stem + isse (optavisse)
P: PPP – esse (optatus esse)
Future Infinitives
A: FAP – esse (optaturus esse)
P: PPP – iri (optatum iri)
Present Imperatives
A; a, e, e, i — ate, ete, ite, ite
P are, ere, ere, ire — mini
Future Imperatives
A: to — tote/nto (2nt/3rd person)
P: tor — ntor
Negative Imperatives
Noli + present infinitive (ne + present/perfect subjunctive)
— Nolite + present infinitive (ne + present/perfect subjunctive)
The Negative of a PC
‘ne’
IS
subject accusative, verb infinitive
The Negative of a CofR
ut non
what are CofR
signalled by
Adjectives: tantus-a-um, talis-e, tot.
Adverbs: its, tam, sic, adeo.
Tense exception of CofR
perfect subjunctive in secondary sequence can stress the action being completed
DQ, yes expected
‘nonne’
DQ, no expected
‘num’
What is an IQ
clauses that take place after words that imply actions that take place in the head. Introduced by W.W.W.W.W.H
Double IQ Negative
utrum/-ne/- …necne (not an non) [necne for uncertainty- verbs are in subjunctive, after all]
Double DQ NEgative
utrum/-ne/– … an non/(annon/anne)
Adjectives of the 3rd Declension
3,2,1 terminations. (acer-cris-cre, omnis-e, ingens-ntis)
All -i stems as such
(M/F): ns, ntem, ntis, nti, nti — ntes, ntes(is), ntium, ntibus, ntibus
(N) ns, ns, ntis, nti, nti — ntia, ntia, ntium, ntibus, ntibus
Present Participles
declined like a ONE termination 3rd Adjective.
BUT: Ablative Singular is -i ending (used as an attributive adjective) or -e ending (used as a noun)
Participles can be translated as
‘when, since, slthough, since, if’
Rules for finding III i-stems
1) Nsing and Gsing have the same amount of syllables
2) noun stem ends in two consonants, except if the second is and ‘l’ or ‘r’
3) Nsing of a neuter noun ends in ‘e’, ‘al’, ‘ar’
the Locative Case expresses
‘Place in which’ and ‘Place where’
the Locative Case is (for the special words)
1st nouns:
Sg: G singular (‘ae’)
Pl: Ab plural (‘is’)
2nd nouns:
Sg: G singular (‘i’)
Pl: Ab plural (‘is’)
3rd nouns:
Sg: Ab singular (‘e’ or ‘i’)
Pl: Ab plural (‘ibus’)
The Vocative case is
identical to the Nominative except for 2nd Declensions
ending in -us: -e
ending in -ius: ‘i
Meus-a-um has a vocative
Mi
Adjectives with a Genitive singular -ius
alius-a-ud (other) alter, altera, alterum (the other [of two]) ullus-a-um (any) nullus-a-um (no, none) uter, utra, utrum (which [of two]) neuter, neutra, neutrum (neither) solus-a-um (only) unus-a-um (one, alone) totus-a-um (whole, all) --> Taannuuus
Adjective comparatives
-ior -ius. decline like 3rds. NOT -i stems
Adverb Formation
1st/2nd Declensions: -e
3rd Declensions: -iter
Adverb comparatives/superlative
- ius
- issime (-rime, -lime)
Deponent Active Infinitives (Precor)
Present: Precari
Perfect: Precatus esse
Future: Precaturus esse
Deponent Active Participles (Precor)
Present: Precans
Perfect: Precatus-a-um
Future: Precaturus-a-um
Deponent Passive Participles (Precor)
Present: -
Perfect: -
Future: Precandus-a-um
Perfect Active Syncopation
-vi- and -ve- can be dropped. -ere can replace -erunt
‘cum’ Temporal Clause
- refers strictly to time
- action is coordinate with that of the main verb
- ‘at the very time when’
Verbs of a ‘cum’ Temporal Clause
Indicative
‘cum’ Circumstantial Clause
- states the circumstances in which the main verb takes place
- ‘when’ ‘under the circumstances of’
Verbs of a ‘cum’ Circumstantial Clause
primary: Indicative
Secondary: Subjunctive
‘cum’ Causal Clause
‘since’ ‘because’
Verbs of a ‘cum’ Causal Clause
Subjunctive
‘cum’ Concessive Clause
‘although’
‘tamen’ in the main clause can indicate Concessive ‘cum’ clause.
Verbs of a ‘cum’ Causal Clause
subjunctive
‘Cum’ can also mean X, what verbs in this case?
can mean “whenever”
Primary: -perfect indicative translated as present
Secondary: -pluperfect indicative translated as imperfect
‘Cum’Clauses can be replaced by
Ablative Absolutes
Other words that can introduce Temporal Clauses, What Verbs
ut, ubi, postquam, quando
Other words that can introduce Causal Clauses, What Verbs
quoniam, quando + indicative (almost always)
quod, quia + subjunctive/ indicative (allegedly/ actually)
Other words that can introduce Concessive Clauses, What Verbs
quamquam + indicative
Etsi + indic/subj (act/all)
quamvis + subjunctive
Quod, Quia. Meaning and Verb
‘because’ + indicative/subjunctive (actually/allegedly)
Dum, Donec, Quoad. Meaning and Verb
‘until’ –> ordinary rules
‘as long as’ –> indicative same as main verb
‘while’ –> present indicative (for action in past time ‘historical present’)
Ante, Prius, Antequam, Priusquam. Meaning and Verb
“before”
temporal: indicative
purpose, intention, idea; secondary sequence: subjunctive
purpose, intention, idea; primary sequence: indicative (present, future perfect), but sometimes present subjunctive
Clauses of Proviso
- meaning
- verbs
- negative
Dum, Modo, Dummodo: ‘if only, provided that’
-express conditional wishes
- present and imperfect subjunctive
Negative: ne
Jussive + Hortatory
3rd person, 1st person.
present subjunctive
‘let’ ‘let’s’
Optative (possible)
-different cases
'I wish he would....' 'if only he would...' ' would that he may...' present subjunctive: a wish for the future can be introduced by: utinam, ut.
Optative (impossible)
-different cases
Wish incapable of fulfilment
Imperfect subjunctive for present time: ‘I wish he were…’ ‘if only he were…’ ‘would that he were…’
Pluperfect Subjunctive for past time: ‘I wish he had…’ ‘if only he had…’ ‘would that he had…’
Deliberative
-different cases
A rhetorical question asked for effect (not for an answer) used to deliberate about something.
Present subjunctive: ‘what am I to do?’ ‘What should I do
Imperfect Subjunctive: ‘what was I to do?’ ‘what should I have done?’
Potential
- present
- future
- past
‘would, could, might’
for Present/Future potentiality: present (sometimes perfect) subjunctive
for past potentiality: imperfect subjucntive
Potential (negative)
non
Jussive + Hortatory (negative)
ne
Deliberative (negative)
non
Optative (negative)
utinam ne, ne
Verbs of Prevention and their Verbs
Veto, Prohibeo + infinitive
Deterreo, Impedio, Obsto + subjunctive
Verbs of Prevention (positive)
introduced by ‘quominus’ (by which the less) or ‘ne’ (in order that not)
Verbs of PRevention (negative)
introduced by ‘quominus’ (by which the less) or ‘quin’ (but that)
Clauses of Doubting constructions
Dubito + infinitive: ‘hesitate’
Dubito + positive (I doubt): introduces an IQ (num/an = whether)
Dubito + negative (I don’t doubt): quin (but that) + subjunctive clause.
OR a virtual negative (who doubts = implication that no one doubts)
Clauses of Fearing
subjunctive Clauses
Positive: ne
Negative: ut
Sequences of tenses bu if the futurity is stressed: Active Periphrastic used
efficere ut/ne
‘to bring it about that’ + sunjucntive
facere ut/ne
‘to see to it that’ + subjunctive
accidit ut/ ne
‘it happens that’ +subjunctive
fit ut
’ it comes about that’ ‘it happens that’ + subjunctive
fieri potest ut
‘it is able to happen that’ ‘it his possible that’ +subjucntive
quod as introducing a substantive clause of result
‘the fact that’ + indicative
- subject/object of another verb
- or in opposition to the subject of that other verb
Clauses of Result
introduced by Adjectives: tantus-a-um, talis-e, tot
and Adverbs: ita, tam, sic, adeo
IF the Perfect Subjunctive is used in 2ndary sequence this can stress completed action
Clauses of Result (negative)
ut non
Relative Clauses of Characteristic
(RP) qui, quae, quod + subjunctive
-describes the antecedent in terms of general characteristic
-‘the kind of man’ rather than ‘the actual man’
‘kind of’ ‘sort of’
Relative Clauses of Characteristic (negative)
quin or qui/quae/quod…non
Relative Clauses of Result
qui, quae, quod instead of ut
‘(with the result) that’
Relative Clauses of Purpose
Introduced by Quo (by which): introduces a PC which contains a -comparative.
OR an Adverb: RP (who may)/PP/ubi (where), unde (from where), quo ([to] where)
-verbs in SUBJUNCTIVE!
These words can translate as they would normally or as ‘in order that’
Gerundive is preferred over Gerund
for governing an object
The Gerundive is not used for
governing neuter adjectives, or pronouns, or Genitive Plurals
Supine
Verbal neuter noun.
Accusative (-um): after verbs of motion without a preposition to express purpose (to/in order to)
Ablative (-u): used with some adjectives(facilis, dulcis, turpis, fas, nefas). It is an ablative of respect (-‘to’) [does not take an accusative]
ad + accusative Gerund(ive)
‘for the purpose of’
Gentive Gerund(ive) + causa
‘for the sake of’
Gerund(ive) + ad/causa can be replaced by
an ut clause
(a(ab), e(ex), de) + Ablative Gerund (or just Ab Gerund on its own)
expresses instrument/means
Gerundive is necessary for
In order to avoid direct object with:
- the Dative of the Gerund
- the Accusative of the gerund+preposition
- the Ablative of the Gerund+preposition
‘the same’
idem, eadem, idem
‘that…(of yours)’
iste, ista, istud
Relative Pronoun
qui,quae, quod ‘whom, which’
Interrogative Adjective
qui, quae, quod ‘which? what?’
Interrogative Pronoun
quis, quid ‘whom? what?
‘certain’ (pronoun)
quidam, quaedam, quiddam
‘certain’ (adjective)
quidam, quaedam, quoddam
The Main Indefinite Pronoun 1 and its adjective
aliquis, aliquid (someone, something, anyone, anything). Adjective: aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (some, any)
the Indefinite Pronoun after si, nisi, num, ne and its adjective
quis, quid(someone, something, anyone, anything). Adjective: qui, qua, quod (some, any)
the Indefinite Pronoun after negative sentences or sentences that imply negation and its adjective
quisquam, quidquam/quicquam. Adjective: ullus, ulla, ulllum
The Main Indefinite Pronoun 2 and its adjective
quisque, quidque/quicque (each, each one, every, every one). Adjective: quique, quaeque, quodque (each, every)
the Main Indefinite Pronoun 2 only appears after X(?). otherwise it appears as?
superlative, relative pronoun, interrogative pronoun, ordinal number, reflexive pronoun.
unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquodque
Interest & Refert
‘it concerns, it is of interest, it is in the interest of’
Genitive of Person concerned, but if a PP is desired: ablative adjectival forms (mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra)
Thing of concern: infinitive, ut clause, neuter singular demonstrative pronoun
‘Fore ut’ is used for
=futurum esse ut
1) Future Passive in IS [scit fore ut ipse a civibus laudetur]
2) future active idea when the verb has no 4th PP (thus no Future Active Infinitive)
- -> essential for possum
Verb after Fore ut
will be present or imperfect subjunctive, depending on whether the head verb is primary or secondary sequence
putat fore ut… scribere possit
sentit fore ut… laudetur
he thinks that…(x) will be able to write…
He feels that…(x) will/would be praised…
If there is no perfect participle active
1) make the participle agree with the subject or object. 2) If this is not possible us the Ablative Absolute
“saying this”
“having said this” …a participle
Three common English sentence types that, in Latin, must be constructed using Participles
1) Two simple verbs joined by “and” or “but”
2) Phrases with prepositions or conjunctions
3) Clauses denoting time, cause etc.
“nineteen years old”
undeviginti annos NATUS
“three days before/after”
tribus ANTE/POST diebus
“three days ago”
ABHINC tres dies
how does one say “told”
Passive of Dico = Is said. Certior fieri
“et” and forbidden placement
“et can never go before a negative, use neque
Correct the following: et nunquam
neque umquam
Correct the following: et nulla navis
neque ulla navis
Compound verbs with sum (such as praesum) take
the Dative
Words that take the subjunctive without ut
volo, oportet, licet, dic!, fac
When is a ‘dum clause’ always present indicative
when the dum-clause covers a period of time greater than the main clause, it has the present indicative after all tenses
‘num quis’ in a DQ
is there no-one who?
When might the subjunctive be used in Direct Question
deliberative/potential subjunctive: quid faciam?/num id fecisses?
nescio an/haud scio an +subjucntive
‘I rather think…’ (a modest assertion)
Future in IQs
(no future subjunctive, and no records of futurum sit)
present/imperfect subjunctive must be used with ‘mox, brevi, postea’
‘as soon as’
simulac, cum primum + indicative
‘1) oportet, 2) necesse est, 3) licet’
Noun case is subject
1) it is necessary/proper –> Acc + inf
2) it is necessary –> Acc + inf, Dat + inf, ut clause
3) it is permitted –> Acc + inf, Dat + inf, ut clause
‘1) miseret, 2) piget, 3) taedet’
Accusative Subject, Genitive of object
1) it pities, it moves to pity
2) it disgusts
3) it bores, it disgusts
1) taedet, 2) paenitet, 3) pudet’
Accusative Subject, Genitive of object
1) it bores, it disgusts
2) it repents
3) it shames
