General Cancer Info

Question 1

Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are called what?

Answer 1

Carcinoma

Question 2

Malignant tumors of glandular epithelial origin are called what?

Answer 2

Adenocarcinoma

Question 3

Benign tumors of epithelial origin are called what?

Answer 3

Adenomas

Question 4

How do epithelial cell tumors present on cytology?

Answer 4

Sheets and clusters of polygonal shaped cells w/round nuclei

Question 5

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin are called what?

Answer 5

Sarcomas

Question 6

Benign tumors of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin are called what?

Answer 6

Suffix -oma (fibroma, etc)

Question 7

How do mesenchymal cell tumors present on cytology?

Answer 7

Spindle shaped cells w/elongated/oval nuclei, whispy cytoplasm, and indistinct cell borders

Question 8

Which type of tumors are the least exfoliative?

Answer 8

Mesenchymal tumors

Question 9

Which type of tumors are most difficult to diagnose with FNA?

Answer 9

Mesenchymal tumors (poorly exfoliative)

Question 10

What are round cell tumors?

Answer 10

Plasma cell tumor/myeloma
Histiocytoma
Mast cell tumor
Lymphoma
Transmissible venereal tumor

Question 11

Which type of tumors are the most exfoliative?

Answer 11

Round cell tumors

Question 12

How does a round cell tumor present on cytology?

Answer 12

Distinct, individual round cells w/round nuclei

Question 13

What are general features of malignancy?

Answer 13

Anisokaryosis/cytosis, clumped chromatin, irregular nucleoli

Question 14

How is the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio affected by malignancy?

Answer 14

Increased

Question 15

Refers to the degree of malignancy of a tumor to predict its biologic behavior

Answer 15

Grade

Question 16

How are tumors graded?

Answer 16

Hisopathology

Question 17

Which tumor can be graded with cytology?

Answer 17

Lymphoma

Question 18

What are criteria of the tumor grading system?

Answer 18

Mitotic index, invasiveness, cellularity, inflammatory response

Question 19

Refers to the extent of spread of cancer in the individual

Answer 19

Stage

Question 20

What are criteria of the tumor staging system?

Answer 20

Size, infiltration, metastasis

Question 21

What is metronomic chemotherapy?

Answer 21

Low dose more often - doesn’t treat but stops tumor from growing

Question 22

Any cat with a malignant tumor should be tested for which virus?

Answer 22

FeLV (retrovirus)

Question 23

What is the diagnostic accuracy of FNAs?

Answer 23

Liver 50%
Spleen 60%
Gut 70%

Question 24

What type of staining can diagnose OSA?

Answer 24

ALP sarcoma staining

Question 25

What is the sentinal LN?

Answer 25

LN that is draining the tumor (not always closest LN)

Question 26

How can you determine which LN is the sentinal LN to a tumor?

Answer 26

Lipiodol + rads in 24h

Question 27

How many radiographs are required for a thoracic met check?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

How large does a nodule have to be to be seen on thoracic rads?

Answer 28

7-9mm

Question 29

What is the most common receptacle of blood-borne mets?

Answer 29

Liver

Question 30

Which tumors cause hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Answer 30

AGASACA, LSA, multiple myeloma, mammary tumor

Question 31

Which tumors cause myasthenia gravis?

Answer 31

Thymoma

Question 32

Which tumors cause nodular dermatofibrosis in dogs?

Answer 32

Renal cystadenocarcinomas

Question 33

Which tumors cause hypoglycemia?

Answer 33

Intestinal leiomyosarcoma, insulinoma, LSA

Question 34

What are the three major side effects of chemotherapy?

Answer 34

BM suppression, alopecia, GI signs

Question 35

What is the most common chemotherapy side effect?

Answer 35

BM suppression

Question 36

In which order do BM cells decrease in response to chemotherapy?

Answer 36

Granulocytopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

Question 37

What drug causes blindness in cats?

Answer 37

Baytril

Question 38

How can you treat neutropenia assoc. w/chemo?

Answer 38

Prophylactic abx (clavamox/maytril)

Question 39

Which GI cells are destroyed by chemo?

Answer 39

Crypt cells (causes V+/D+)

Question 40

What two blood parameters are measured for chemo treatment?

Answer 40

Neutrophils and platelets

Question 41

What is the cut off that neutrophils and platelet levels can be for go-ahead with chemo treatment?

Answer 41

Neuts >3k/uL | PLTs >100k/uL

Question 42

If neutrophils and platelets are too low on the day chemo is supposed to be given, what are your next steps?

Answer 42

Do not treat, recheck CBC in 3-7d

Question 43

What is NADIR?

Answer 43

Expected low point of bone marrow insult

Question 44

What is the purpose of a NADIR check?

Answer 44

Make sure chemo is working correctly

Question 45

When after a NADIR do neutrophils rebound?

Answer 45

1-3d

Question 46

How soon after chemo dose is the bone marrow most affected?

Answer 46

7d (21d for carboplatin)

Question 47

At what neutrophil/platelet levels should you decrease the next chemo dose?

Answer 47

Neuts <1500/uL | PLTs <60k/uL

Question 48

How much should you reduce a chemo dose if neutrophils and platelets are below the threshold and how does this affect efficacy of chemotherapy?

Answer 48

Reduce by 20-25% | Efficacy decr. by 50%

Question 49

What canine tumor is resistant to chemotherapy?

Answer 49

Melanoma (use Oncept vaccine)