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Oncology > General Cancer Info > Flashcards

General Cancer Info Flashcards

1
Q

Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are called what?

A

Carcinoma

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2
Q

Malignant tumors of glandular epithelial origin are called what?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

Benign tumors of epithelial origin are called what?

A

Adenomas

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4
Q

How do epithelial cell tumors present on cytology?

A

Sheets and clusters of polygonal shaped cells w/round nuclei

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5
Q

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin are called what?

A

Sarcomas

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6
Q

Benign tumors of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin are called what?

A

Suffix -oma (fibroma, etc)

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7
Q

How do mesenchymal cell tumors present on cytology?

A

Spindle shaped cells w/elongated/oval nuclei, whispy cytoplasm, and indistinct cell borders

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8
Q

Which type of tumors are the least exfoliative?

A

Mesenchymal tumors

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9
Q

Which type of tumors are most difficult to diagnose with FNA?

A

Mesenchymal tumors (poorly exfoliative)

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10
Q

What are round cell tumors?

A 
Plasma cell tumor/myeloma
Histiocytoma
Mast cell tumor
Lymphoma
Transmissible venereal tumor
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11
Q

Which type of tumors are the most exfoliative?

A

Round cell tumors

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12
Q

How does a round cell tumor present on cytology?

A

Distinct, individual round cells w/round nuclei

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13
Q

What are general features of malignancy?

A

Anisokaryosis/cytosis, clumped chromatin, irregular nucleoli

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14
Q

How is the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio affected by malignancy?

A

Increased

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15
Q

Refers to the degree of malignancy of a tumor to predict its biologic behavior

A

Grade

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16
Q

How are tumors graded?

A

Hisopathology

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17
Q

Which tumor can be graded with cytology?

A

Lymphoma

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18
Q

What are criteria of the tumor grading system?

A

Mitotic index, invasiveness, cellularity, inflammatory response

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19
Q

Refers to the extent of spread of cancer in the individual

A

Stage

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20
Q

What are criteria of the tumor staging system?

A

Size, infiltration, metastasis

21
Q

What is metronomic chemotherapy?

A

Low dose more often - doesn’t treat but stops tumor from growing

22
Q

Any cat with a malignant tumor should be tested for which virus?

A

FeLV (retrovirus)

23
Q

What is the diagnostic accuracy of FNAs?

A

Liver 50%
Spleen 60%
Gut 70%

24
Q

What type of staining can diagnose OSA?

A

ALP sarcoma staining

25
Q

What is the sentinal LN?

A

LN that is draining the tumor (not always closest LN)

26
Q

How can you determine which LN is the sentinal LN to a tumor?

A

Lipiodol + rads in 24h

27
Q

How many radiographs are required for a thoracic met check?

28
Q

How large does a nodule have to be to be seen on thoracic rads?

29
Q

What is the most common receptacle of blood-borne mets?

30
Q

Which tumors cause hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

AGASACA, LSA, multiple myeloma, mammary tumor

31
Q

Which tumors cause myasthenia gravis?

32
Q

Which tumors cause nodular dermatofibrosis in dogs?

A

Renal cystadenocarcinomas

33
Q

Which tumors cause hypoglycemia?

A

Intestinal leiomyosarcoma, insulinoma, LSA

34
Q

What are the three major side effects of chemotherapy?

A

BM suppression, alopecia, GI signs

35
Q

What is the most common chemotherapy side effect?

A

BM suppression

36
Q

In which order do BM cells decrease in response to chemotherapy?

A

Granulocytopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

37
Q

What drug causes blindness in cats?

38
Q

How can you treat neutropenia assoc. w/chemo?

A

Prophylactic abx (clavamox/maytril)

39
Q

Which GI cells are destroyed by chemo?

A

Crypt cells (causes V+/D+)

40
Q

What two blood parameters are measured for chemo treatment?

A

Neutrophils and platelets

41
Q

What is the cut off that neutrophils and platelet levels can be for go-ahead with chemo treatment?

A

Neuts >3k/uL

PLTs >100k/uL

42
Q

If neutrophils and platelets are too low on the day chemo is supposed to be given, what are your next steps?

A

Do not treat, recheck CBC in 3-7d

43
Q

What is NADIR?

A

Expected low point of bone marrow insult

44
Q

What is the purpose of a NADIR check?

A

Make sure chemo is working correctly

45
Q

When after a NADIR do neutrophils rebound?

46
Q

How soon after chemo dose is the bone marrow most affected?

A

7d (21d for carboplatin)

47
Q

At what neutrophil/platelet levels should you decrease the next chemo dose?

A

Neuts <1500/uL

PLTs <60k/uL

48
Q

How much should you reduce a chemo dose if neutrophils and platelets are below the threshold and how does this affect efficacy of chemotherapy?

A

Reduce by 20-25%

Efficacy decr. by 50%

49
Q

What canine tumor is resistant to chemotherapy?

A

Melanoma (use Oncept vaccine)

Oncology (15 decks)

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