General Bacti/Myco

Question 1

Prokaryotes have a chemically complex ___ ___.

Answer 1

cell wall

Question 2

Prokaryotic form of reproduction

Answer 2

Asexual. Binary fission.

Question 3

Prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 3

small, 70s

Question 4

Prokaryote chromosome type

Answer 4

single, haploid, circular

*Exceptions: Leptospira has 2 circular chromosomes. Borrelia burgdorferi has linear chromosomes.

Question 5

What type of bacterium has no cell wall?

Answer 5

Mycoplasma

Question 6

What characteristic of bacteria makes it easy for nutrients to penetrate from the surface to all parts of the cell?

Answer 6

Large surface to volume ratio (3:1)

Question 7

The bacterial cell wall is made up of what?

Answer 7

Peptidoglycan

*Gram stain

Question 8

Mycobacteria have what in their cell wall?

Answer 8

Mycolic acid (virulence factor)

*Acid fast stain

Question 9

What class of bacteria has lipoteichoic acid in the cell wall, making them more antigenic?

Answer 9

Gram positive

Question 10

What class of bacteria is resistant to physical disruption/drying, but is susceptible to ionic detergents?

Answer 10

Gram positive

Question 11

What class of bacteria has Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) surrounding the cell wall?

Answer 11

Gram negatve

Question 12

What are the 2 components of LPS in Gram negative bacteria?

Answer 12

Lipid A: endotoxin

Polysaccharide chain: antigenic

Question 13

What class of bacteria is susceptible to physical disruption/drying, but resistant to ionic detergents?

Answer 13

Gram negative

Question 14

Spirochetes have what type of flagellum?

Answer 14

Endoflagella in the periplasmic space (corkscrew motion)

Question 15

What type of hair-like bacterial accessories help with adherence and antigenicity, as seen with E. coli K88 and K99?

Answer 15

Pili or fimbriae

Question 16

3 main functions of the polysaccharide capsule:

Answer 16

Nutrient reserve
Adherence
Evasion from phagocytosis

Question 17

Clostridium and Bacillus spp can form and release _______ to promote survival via cryptobiotic dormancy during poor environmental conditions.

Answer 17

Endospores

Question 18

Endospores are formed _______.

Answer 18

Intracellularly

Question 19

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and strictly aerobic microorganisms

Answer 19

Fungi

Question 20

Fungi have a cell wall made of _____.

Answer 20

Chitin

Question 21

2 types of fungi

Answer 21

Unicellular yeasts
Multicellular molds (branching hyphae)

Question 22

Methods of fungal reproduction

Answer 22

Sexual (spores)

Asexual (spores, budding, fragmentation)

Question 23

T/F: Fungi are easily killed with antimicrobials.

Answer 23

False! They are resistant!

Question 24

T/F: the majority of fungi are saprophytes and are non pathogenic, so it’s much more common to suffer from a bacterial infection than a fungal infection/

Answer 24

True :-)

Question 25

Mycosis:

Answer 25

Fungal tissue invasion | *dermatomycoses

Question 26

Mycotoxicosis:

Answer 26

Fungal toxin production | *ingestion of fungal toxins

Question 27

What mechanism of fungal infection is responsible for chronic pulmonary disease in cattle and horses?

Answer 27

Ability to induce hypersensitivity

Question 28

Do most pathogenic bacteria live inside or outside the cell?

Answer 28

Outside

Question 29

Rickettsia and Chlamydia are examples of the few bacteria that are _______ _______, and need a host to replicate.

Answer 29

Obligate intracellular

Question 30

Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus are examples of some bacteria that can survive intra- or extracellularly, known as ______ ______.

Answer 30

Facultative intracellular

Question 31

_______ pathogens are high in number, cause non-specific disease and have a low virulence

Answer 31

Opportunistic//facultative

Question 32

______ pathogens are low in number, cause a distinct disease and and have a high virulence.

Answer 32

Obligate

Question 33

Type of infection in which the individual does not show signs, but is able to infect others, and may resist reinfection.

Answer 33

Subclinical disease

Question 34

Iceberg concept of disease from base to tip

Answer 34

Exposure without infection > subclinical disease > mild illness > severe disease/death

Question 35

T/F: all infectious diseases are communicable

Answer 35

FALSE

Question 36

What are the factors generally required for bacterial growth?

Answer 36

Iron, sugar, oxygen (some)

Question 37

What are the phases of the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 37

1. Lag phase (eating and preparing to reproduce) 2. Log phase (exponential growth) 3. Stationary phase (growth=death) 4. Decline/death (nutrients depleted = cell death)

Question 38

Heat labile toxins that are produced by bacteria and released on target cells.

Answer 38

Exotoxins

Question 39

Heat stable cell wall components that induce inflammation by stimulating the immune system

Answer 39

Endotoxins

Question 40

Three ways that bacteria can transfer virulence factors:

Answer 40

Transduction (by phage) Transformation (uptake of free DNA) Conjugation (by direct contact)