Bordetella

Question 1

T/F: Bordetella species are highly zoonotic.

Answer 1

FALSE: rarely zoonotic, and only in immunocompromised patients.

Question 2

Ideal temperature for culture of bordetella species.

Answer 2

30*C due to its affinity for lower temperatures in the nasal cavity.

Question 3

Bacterial species that causes kennel cough in dogs and atropic rhinitis in pigs, as well as infecting rabbits and guinea pigs.

Answer 3

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 4

Most important adhesin of B. bronchiseptica

Answer 4

Hemagglutinin - facilitates adhesion to macrophages, making secondary infections possible.

Question 5

What property of B. bronchiseptica controls virulence, causing it to be more virulent in lower temperatures (nasal cavity)?

Answer 5

Bvg regulon

Question 6

Which toxin of B. bronchiseptica is pore forming and inhibits neutrophils?

Answer 6

Hemolysin (RTX)

Question 7

What does B. bronchiseptica’s dermonecrotic toxin do?

*Bonus points if you know which bacterium can amplify these effects.

Answer 7

Skin necrosis
Damages nasal tissue
Damages osteoblasts

*Bonus: co-infection with P. multocida amplifies effects by activating osteoclasts.

Question 8

What 2 toxins of B. bronchiseptica damage osteoblasts?

Answer 8

Dermonecrotic toxin

Osteo toxin

Question 9

What 3 diseases does B. bronchiseptica cause in pigs?

Answer 9

Non progressive atropic rhinitis
Pneumonic bordetellosis
Progressive atropic rhinitis

Question 10

Which of the pig diseases caused by B. bronchiseptica causes nasal discharge and mucus, and involves dermonecrotic toxin?

Answer 10

Non progressive atropic rhinitis

Question 11

Progressive atropic rhinitis differs from non progressive in what ways?

Answer 11

Co-infection with Pasteurella multocida, which colonizes the nose due to special conditions created by B. bronchiseptica.

Question 12

What are the main clinical signs of progressive atropic rhinitis?

Answer 12

Sneezing
Tears
Blood
Nasal deviation

Question 13

What conditions must be created by B. bronchiseptica to allow P. multocida to colonize the nose and cause progressive atropic rhinitis?

Answer 13

Increased mucus production

NH3 damage to nasal epithelium

Increased infection pressure

Question 14

Factors that influence the severity of progressive atropic rhinitis in pigs?

Answer 14

Dust
Poor ventilation
Age
Infection pressure

Question 15

How is progressive atropic rhinitis spread?

Answer 15

Aerosol (direct)

B. bronchiseptica from sows to offspring

P. multocida from older to younger piglets. (Don’t mix age groups)

Question 16

T/F: progressive atropic rhinitis is easily treated with antibiotics so there is no need for vaccination.

Answer 16

FALSE: it is difficult to treat, so sows should be vaccinated and farm management to prevent (ventilation, cleanliness)

Question 17

At what ages is pneumonic bordetellosis considered a primary vs a secondary infection in piglets?

Answer 17

Younger than 1 week = primary infection

Older than one week = secondary infection

Question 18

T/F: symptoms of pneumonic bordetellosis in piglets include cough, dyspnea, and fever.

Answer 18

FALSE: symptoms include cough and dyspnea, but fever is not generally seen,

Question 19

What gross lesions would you expect to find in a piglet who had pneumonic bordetellosis?

Answer 19

Red, brown, or yellow/brown lung lesions, which will be dry when chronic.

Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis

Question 20

What is the sampling technique for Bordetella bronchiseptica?

Answer 20

Culture of nose and tonsils, requiring a long, flexible swab

Question 21

Diagnostic methods for B. bronchiseptica:

Answer 21

Culture on blood agar at 30*C

Small, gray colonies and hemolysis seen

Question 22

T/F: B. bronchiseptica has natural resistance to various antibiotics, such as ampi/amoxi, streptomycin, and nitrofurantin. It also has acquired a resistance to sulfonamides.

Answer 22

TRUE - use tetracyclines

Question 23

What disease of B. bronchiseptica causes rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, and pleuritis in dogs?

Answer 23

Kennel cough

Question 24

What is the pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica in kennel cough?

Answer 24

Adhesion to ciliated respiratory epithelium

NH3 and toxin damage

Increased mucus production

Susceptibility to secondary infections

Question 25

Clinical signs of kennel cough

Answer 25

Dry cough Fever Decreased appetite Lethargy

Question 26

Ab production against kennel cough infections is slow. What does this mean clinically?

Answer 26

Long excretion (14wks)

Question 27

A dog presents to your clinic with what is suspected to be kennel cough. What test would you use to diagnose is and how would you treat?

Answer 27

BAL and culture to diagnose (blood agar at 30*C) Treat with tetracyclines only if general symptoms (fever, anorexia, lethargy). If no general symptoms, treat symptomatically (no abx) because kennel cough is self limiting.

Question 28

What is the best way to prevent kennel cough infections in dogs?

Answer 28

VACCINATE. Live vaccine doesn't need a booster and has no interference with maternal immunity, unlike the inactive vaccine.

Question 29

B. bronchiseptica infection presents as dyspnea, tears, photophobia, cough, lymph node swelling, fever, and sometimes death in what species?

Answer 29

Cats

Question 30

How would you treat a B. bronchiseptica infection in a horse?

Answer 30

Reduce dust 3 weeks of rest Soak hay and feed on floor. Eventually replace with alfalfa.

Question 31

Which bordetella species causes Coryza in turkeys?

Answer 31

Bordetella avium *co-infection with TRT virus

Question 32

T/F: Like in canine kennel cough, Coryza in turkeys is usually a complex infection, with multiple species of bacteria, and viruses contributing.

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Clinical symptoms of Coryza, caused by B. avium + TRT virus, in turkeys

Answer 33

``` Decreased growth Nasal discharge Head shaking Tracheal rales Open beak breathing Dirt on wings ```

Question 34

B. avium transmission

Answer 34

Exogenous : floor, bedding, drinking water. Older birds are carriers.

Question 35

Syndrome associated with Coryza in turkeys:

Answer 35

Swollen head syndrome

Question 36

Because antibiotics have little effect on treating B. avium infections in birds, how can infections be prevented?

Answer 36

Hygiene! Vaccinate mothers Don't mix age groups

Question 37

In which species are almost all animals carriers of B. bronchiseptica?

Answer 37

Rabbits

Question 38

Clinical signs of B. bronchiseptica in rabbits

Answer 38

``` nasal discharge sneezing snoring conjuntivitis BLINDNESS ear infections ```

Question 39

T/F: Co-infection with B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida in rabbits causes bronchopneumonia, and requires immediate antibiotic treatment.

Answer 39

FALSE: bronchopneumonia doesn't usually require treatment in rabbits

Question 40

Which antibiotics are most deadly to rabbits?

Answer 40

Clindamycin: 100% mortality Penicillins: 40-80% mortality