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General Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Breed predilection:

Terriers/Labradors/Frenchies

A

Allergies

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2
Q

Breed predilection:

Cocker Spaniels

A

Seborrhea

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3
Q

Breed predilection:

Doberman Pinchers

A

Hypothyroidism

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4
Q

History

Questions to ask

A 
Itching?
When did it start?
Seasonal or non-seasonal?
What do you notice first (itching, alopecia, pustules)
Any changes at home/food?
Flea medication?
Anyone else affected (pet or human)?
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5
Q

Dermatologic Lesions

Primary indicates?

A

Early lesions that suggest the disease process

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6
Q

Dermatologic Lesions

Secondary indicates?

A

Usually late in disease process and secondary to underlying processess or self trauma

Generally not specific for disease causing them

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7
Q

Primary Lesions

A 
Macule
Patch
Melanotic
Depigmentation
Erythrematous
Papule
Plaque
Pustule
Vesicle
Bulla
Wheal
Nodule
Tumor
Cysts
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8
Q

Macule

A

Primary Lesion

Circumscribed flat spot up to 1 cm
Non-palpable
Melanin, depigmentation, erythema, local hemorrhage

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9
Q

Patch

A

Primary lesion

A macule > 1 cm in diameter

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10
Q

Melanotic

A

Primary Lesion

Post-inflammatory
Lentigo (orange cats; melanotic dots on gums which is a normal finding)
Early melaoma
Sex hormone dermatoses

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11
Q

Depigmentation

A

Primary Lesion

Post-inflammatory
Immune-mediated (Discoid Lupus Erythra)
Vitiligo
Drug eruption

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12
Q

Erythematous

A

Primary Lesion

Acute dermatitis (allergic, parasitic, bacterial, auto-immune/immune-mediated)

Red patches

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13
Q

Papule (KNOW)

A

Primary Lesion

Solid elevation up to 1 cm
Frequently erythematous
Palpable
Infiltration of cells (RBCs or neutrophils)

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14
Q

Papule (KNOW)

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Pyoderma
Parasites
Allergic (flea, food, contact)
Feline miliary dermatitis
Calcinosis cutis (Cushing's)
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15
Q

What is feline miliary dermatitis?

A

Papule

Specific reaction patter to allergies or ectoparasites

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16
Q

Plaque

A

Primary Lesion

Larger flat-topped elevation formed by extension or coalition of papules

Eosinophilic granuloma (plaques on ventral abdomen) 
Exudative
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17
Q

Plaque

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Pyoderma
Parasites
Allergic (flea, food, contact)
Feline miliary dermatitis
Calcinosis cutis (Cushing's)
Chronic inflammatory disease
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18
Q

Pustule (KNOW)

A

Primary Lesion

Small circumscribed elevation of skin filled with pus (PMNs or Eosinophils)

Think: infection

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19
Q

Pustule (KNOW)

DfDx Follicular

A

Primary Lesion

Follicular (folliculitis): 
Pyoderma
Demodicosis
Dermatophytosis
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
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20
Q

Pustules (KNOW)

DfDx Non-follicular

A

Primary Lesion

Pyoderma
Pemphigus foliaceus
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
Drug eruption

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21
Q

Three most common causes of pustules

A

Pyoderma
Demodex (Demodicosis)
Ringworm (Dermatophytosis)

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22
Q

Vesicle

A

Primary Lesion

Circumscribed lesion; up to 1 cm filled with clear fluid

Rarely seen because easily ruptures

Most often indicates auto-immune (small animals) or viral (large animals)

Hemorrhagic vesicles (infection until proven otherwise)

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23
Q

Vesicle

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Autoimmune
Viral
Bacterial
Drug eruption

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24
Q

Bulla
What is it?
DfDx

A

Primary Lesion
Vesicle >1 cm

DfDx
Autoimmune
Viral
Bacterial
Drug eruption
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25
Wheal | What is it
Primary lesion Not common Circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema Appears and disappears within minutes or hours (especially when given histamines or steroids; if it does not clear up it is something else)
26
Wheal | DfDx
Primary Lesion Uticaria Inset bites Positive reaction on intradermal skin tests
27
Nodule (KNOW) | What is it?
Primary Lesion Circumscribed solid elevation >1 cm Results from massive infiltration of inflammatory or neoplastic cells into the dermis or subcutis
28
Nodule (KNOW) | DfDx
Primary Lesion Infectious Neoplastic Sterile causes (sterile pyogranuloma syndrome) Self-mutilation
29
Tumor
Primary Lesion Neoplastic enlargement of any structure of skin May look similar to lick granulomas Plasmacytoma
30
Cysts | What is it?
Primary Lesion Epithelial-lined cavity with fluid or solid material Keratin (toothpaste-like) Apocrine (fluid) Sebaceous
31
Cysts | DfDx
Primary Lesion Follicular (inclusion) cyst Apocrine sweat gland cyst Sebaceous cyst (rare)
32
``` Epidermal collarettes (KNOW) What are they ```
Secondary Lesions Circular area of alopecia with loose keratin (scale) around the periphery Not very erythematous Foot print of pyoderma Very helpful lesion
33
``` Epidermal collarettes (KNOW) DfDx ```
Bacterial pyoderma Auto-immune/Immune-mediated Dermatophytosis Demodex
34
Crust (KNOW) | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Dried exudate composed of serum, pus, blood, cells, scales, medication on surface of skin
35
Erythema multiformi
Reaction pattern Can see cruts Can result from underlying food allergy
36
Crust (KNOW) Hemorrhagic DfDx
Secondary Lesion ``` Self trauma Pyoderma Demodex Dermatophytosis Parasites Auto-immune ```
37
Crust (KNOW) Yellow DfDx
Secondary Lesion ``` Pyoderma Pemphigus foliaceus (thick and usually has a symmetrical pattern) ```
38
Crust (KNOW) Footpads DfDx
Secondary Lesion Pemphigus foliaceus Zinc-responsive Hepatocutaneous syndrome Distemper
39
Scar | What is it
Secondary Lesion Area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutis Alopecic Depigmented Atrophic
40
Scar | DfDx
Secondary Lesion Previous severe damage to skin
41
Excoriation | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Linear superficial removal of epidermis via: Scratching Biting Rubbing Usually self-induced Can be erosions or ulcers
42
Erosion | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Break in continuity of epidermis Does not penetrate basement membrane zone (shallow lesion) Heals without scarring
43
Erosion | DfDx
Secondary Lesion ``` Self trauma (allergies, ectoparasites) Auto-immune/Immune-mediated ```
44
Ulcer | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Deeper break in epidermis that penetrates the dermis Heals with scarring
45
Ulcer | DfDx
Secondary Lesion ``` Severe trauma Deep pyoderma Fungal Neoplasia Autoimmune/Immune-mediated Eosinophillic Granuloma Complex ```
46
Lichenification | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Thickened, hardened skin with exaggerated superficial skin markings Elephant skin Typically hyperpigmented Suggests chronicity
47
Lichenification | DfDx
Secondary Lesion ``` Chronic trauma (usually secondary to pruritus) Chronic inflammatory/infection changes ``` Often secondarily infected with: Pyoderma (surface) Yeast
48
Hyperkeratosis | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Increased in thickness of cornified layer of skin Can be painful depending on location Think of the crusty nose
49
Hyperkeratosis | Location
Secondary Lesion Nose Elbows Feet pads Old age change, callus
50
Hyperkeratosis Feet Pads DfDx
Pemphigus foliaceus Zinc responsive Hepatocutaneous syndrome Distemper
51
Fissure | What is it?
Secondary Lesion Linear damage into epidermis, may extend into dermis Single or multiple Ear margins Ocular, nasal, oral, anal muco-cutaneous borders
52
Fissure | DfDx
Secondary Lesion Trauma Disease Distemper Auto-immune/Immune-mediated (vasculitis)
53
Callus What is it? Location?
Secondary Lesion Thickened, hyperkeratotic, lichenified plaque over bony prominences from chronic friction Elbows Hips Hocks Sternum Leave it alone!
54
Lesions that can be Primary or Secondary
``` Alopecia Scale Follicular casts Hyperpigmentation Hypopigmentation Comedo/Comedones ```
55
How do you distinguish between Primary or Secondary?
Look at the entire animal! Obtain detailed history
56
Alopecia (KNOW) | Description
Baldness Absence of hair from skin where it is normally present Patchy (moth eaten) Complete
57
Alopecia (KNOW) | Primary lesion causes
Endocrinopathies | ex. Hypothyroidism
58
Alopecia (KNOW) | Secondary lesion causes
Pyoderma Demodex Dermatophytosis
59
Alopecia (KNOW) Multifocal DfDx
``` Pyoderma Demodex Dermatophytosis Sebaceous adenitits Self-trauma ```
60
Alopecia (KNOW) Symmetrical DfDx
``` Endocrinopathies Telogen defluxion Anagen defluxion Follicular dysplasias Alopecia X Self-trauma ```
61
Scale | Description
Rare Accumulation of loose fragments of cornified layer of skin Consistency and color vary (oily, waxy, dry, yellow, white, brown) Think: seborrheic disroders
62
Scale | Dry vs. Oily
Dry = seborrhea sicca Oily = seborrhea oleosa
63
Scale | DfDx
Investigate skin closely for pyoderma Consider causes of seborrhea: Ichthyosis Primary idiopathic seborrhea
64
Follicular casts | Description
Accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft
65
Follicular casts | DfDx
Causes of seborrhea: Sebaceous adenititis Vitamin A responsive dermatosis Primary seborrhea Can be seen in causes of folliculitis: Bacterial pyoderma Demodex Dermatophytes
66
Hyperpigmentation (KNOW) | Description
Increased epidermal and sometimes dermal melanin Chronic inflammation causing pigment to increase
67
Hyperpigmentation (KNOW) | DfDx
``` Post-inflammatory Trauma Endocrine disease Lentigo Epidermal collarette ```
68
Hypopigmentation | What is it?
Loss of epidermal melanin
69
Hypopigmentation | DfDx
Post-inflammatory Immune-mediated Vitiligo (what MJ had) Leukoderma (cutaneous lymphoma)
70
Comedo/Comedones (KNOW) | Description
Dilated hair follicle filled with keratin and sebaceous debris
71
Comedo/Comedones (KNOW) | DfDx
Demodex Endocrine Feline acne Seborrhea
72
``` Pattern recognition (KNOW) Ventrum ```
Pyoderma!
73
``` Pattern recognition (KNOW) Head ```
Demodicosis!
74
``` Pattern recognition (KNOW) Ear tips ```
Scabies | Vasculitis
75
``` Pattern recognition (KNOW) Face/muzzle/head/ears ```
Pemphigus foliaceus!
76
``` Pattern recognition (KNOW) Flanks and tail tip ```
Endocrine
77
DfDx for: | Itching/licking paws/overgrooming
Until proven otherwise: Allergies Infections

Dermatology (13 decks)

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