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Dermatology > General Assessment > Flashcards

General Assessment Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Breed predilection:

Terriers/Labradors/Frenchies

A

Allergies

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2
Q

Breed predilection:

Cocker Spaniels

A

Seborrhea

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3
Q

Breed predilection:

Doberman Pinchers

A

Hypothyroidism

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4
Q

History

Questions to ask

A 
Itching?
When did it start?
Seasonal or non-seasonal?
What do you notice first (itching, alopecia, pustules)
Any changes at home/food?
Flea medication?
Anyone else affected (pet or human)?
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5
Q

Dermatologic Lesions

Primary indicates?

A

Early lesions that suggest the disease process

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6
Q

Dermatologic Lesions

Secondary indicates?

A

Usually late in disease process and secondary to underlying processess or self trauma

Generally not specific for disease causing them

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7
Q

Primary Lesions

A 
Macule
Patch
Melanotic
Depigmentation
Erythrematous
Papule
Plaque
Pustule
Vesicle
Bulla
Wheal
Nodule
Tumor
Cysts
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8
Q

Macule

A

Primary Lesion

Circumscribed flat spot up to 1 cm
Non-palpable
Melanin, depigmentation, erythema, local hemorrhage

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9
Q

Patch

A

Primary lesion

A macule > 1 cm in diameter

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10
Q

Melanotic

A

Primary Lesion

Post-inflammatory
Lentigo (orange cats; melanotic dots on gums which is a normal finding)
Early melaoma
Sex hormone dermatoses

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11
Q

Depigmentation

A

Primary Lesion

Post-inflammatory
Immune-mediated (Discoid Lupus Erythra)
Vitiligo
Drug eruption

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12
Q

Erythematous

A

Primary Lesion

Acute dermatitis (allergic, parasitic, bacterial, auto-immune/immune-mediated)

Red patches

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13
Q

Papule (KNOW)

A

Primary Lesion

Solid elevation up to 1 cm
Frequently erythematous
Palpable
Infiltration of cells (RBCs or neutrophils)

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14
Q

Papule (KNOW)

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Pyoderma
Parasites
Allergic (flea, food, contact)
Feline miliary dermatitis
Calcinosis cutis (Cushing's)
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15
Q

What is feline miliary dermatitis?

A

Papule

Specific reaction patter to allergies or ectoparasites

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16
Q

Plaque

A

Primary Lesion

Larger flat-topped elevation formed by extension or coalition of papules

Eosinophilic granuloma (plaques on ventral abdomen) 
Exudative
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17
Q

Plaque

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Pyoderma
Parasites
Allergic (flea, food, contact)
Feline miliary dermatitis
Calcinosis cutis (Cushing's)
Chronic inflammatory disease
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18
Q

Pustule (KNOW)

A

Primary Lesion

Small circumscribed elevation of skin filled with pus (PMNs or Eosinophils)

Think: infection

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19
Q

Pustule (KNOW)

DfDx Follicular

A

Primary Lesion

Follicular (folliculitis): 
Pyoderma
Demodicosis
Dermatophytosis
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
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20
Q

Pustules (KNOW)

DfDx Non-follicular

A

Primary Lesion

Pyoderma
Pemphigus foliaceus
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
Drug eruption

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21
Q

Three most common causes of pustules

A

Pyoderma
Demodex (Demodicosis)
Ringworm (Dermatophytosis)

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22
Q

Vesicle

A

Primary Lesion

Circumscribed lesion; up to 1 cm filled with clear fluid

Rarely seen because easily ruptures

Most often indicates auto-immune (small animals) or viral (large animals)

Hemorrhagic vesicles (infection until proven otherwise)

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23
Q

Vesicle

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Autoimmune
Viral
Bacterial
Drug eruption

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24
Q

Bulla
What is it?
DfDx

A

Primary Lesion
Vesicle >1 cm

DfDx
Autoimmune
Viral
Bacterial
Drug eruption
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25
Q

Wheal

What is it

A

Primary lesion

Not common

Circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema

Appears and disappears within minutes or hours (especially when given histamines or steroids; if it does not clear up it is something else)

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26
Q

Wheal

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Uticaria
Inset bites
Positive reaction on intradermal skin tests

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27
Q

Nodule (KNOW)

What is it?

A

Primary Lesion

Circumscribed solid elevation >1 cm

Results from massive infiltration of inflammatory or neoplastic cells into the dermis or subcutis

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28
Q

Nodule (KNOW)

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Infectious
Neoplastic
Sterile causes (sterile pyogranuloma syndrome)
Self-mutilation

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29
Q

Tumor

A

Primary Lesion

Neoplastic enlargement of any structure of skin
May look similar to lick granulomas

Plasmacytoma

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30
Q

Cysts

What is it?

A

Primary Lesion

Epithelial-lined cavity with fluid or solid material

Keratin (toothpaste-like)
Apocrine (fluid)
Sebaceous

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31
Q

Cysts

DfDx

A

Primary Lesion

Follicular (inclusion) cyst
Apocrine sweat gland cyst
Sebaceous cyst (rare)

32
Q 
Epidermal collarettes (KNOW)
What are they
A

Secondary Lesions

Circular area of alopecia with loose keratin (scale) around the periphery
Not very erythematous

Foot print of pyoderma

Very helpful lesion

33
Q 
Epidermal collarettes (KNOW)
DfDx
A

Bacterial pyoderma
Auto-immune/Immune-mediated
Dermatophytosis
Demodex

34
Q

Crust (KNOW)

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Dried exudate composed of serum, pus, blood, cells, scales, medication on surface of skin

35
Q

Erythema multiformi

A

Reaction pattern

Can see cruts

Can result from underlying food allergy

36
Q

Crust (KNOW)
Hemorrhagic
DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Self trauma
Pyoderma
Demodex
Dermatophytosis
Parasites
Auto-immune
37
Q

Crust (KNOW)
Yellow
DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Pyoderma
Pemphigus foliaceus (thick and usually has a symmetrical pattern)
38
Q

Crust (KNOW)
Footpads
DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Pemphigus foliaceus
Zinc-responsive
Hepatocutaneous syndrome
Distemper

39
Q

Scar

What is it

A

Secondary Lesion

Area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutis

Alopecic
Depigmented
Atrophic

40
Q

Scar

DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Previous severe damage to skin

41
Q

Excoriation

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Linear superficial removal of epidermis via:
Scratching
Biting
Rubbing

Usually self-induced
Can be erosions or ulcers

42
Q

Erosion

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Break in continuity of epidermis

Does not penetrate basement membrane zone (shallow lesion)

Heals without scarring

43
Q

Erosion

DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Self trauma (allergies, ectoparasites)
Auto-immune/Immune-mediated
44
Q

Ulcer

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Deeper break in epidermis that penetrates the dermis

Heals with scarring

45
Q

Ulcer

DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Severe trauma
Deep pyoderma
Fungal 
Neoplasia
Autoimmune/Immune-mediated
Eosinophillic Granuloma Complex
46
Q

Lichenification

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Thickened, hardened skin with exaggerated superficial skin markings

Elephant skin

Typically hyperpigmented

Suggests chronicity

47
Q

Lichenification

DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Chronic trauma (usually secondary to pruritus) 
Chronic inflammatory/infection changes

Often secondarily infected with:
Pyoderma (surface)
Yeast

48
Q

Hyperkeratosis

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Increased in thickness of cornified layer of skin

Can be painful depending on location

Think of the crusty nose

49
Q

Hyperkeratosis

Location

A

Secondary Lesion

Nose
Elbows
Feet pads

Old age change, callus

50
Q

Hyperkeratosis
Feet Pads
DfDx

A

Pemphigus foliaceus
Zinc responsive
Hepatocutaneous syndrome
Distemper

51
Q

Fissure

What is it?

A

Secondary Lesion

Linear damage into epidermis, may extend into dermis

Single or multiple
Ear margins
Ocular, nasal, oral, anal muco-cutaneous borders

52
Q

Fissure

DfDx

A

Secondary Lesion

Trauma
Disease
Distemper
Auto-immune/Immune-mediated (vasculitis)

53
Q

Callus
What is it?
Location?

A

Secondary Lesion

Thickened, hyperkeratotic, lichenified plaque over bony prominences from chronic friction

Elbows
Hips
Hocks
Sternum

Leave it alone!

54
Q

Lesions that can be Primary or Secondary

A 
Alopecia
Scale
Follicular casts
Hyperpigmentation
Hypopigmentation 
Comedo/Comedones
55
Q

How do you distinguish between Primary or Secondary?

A

Look at the entire animal!

Obtain detailed history

56
Q

Alopecia (KNOW)

Description

A

Baldness
Absence of hair from skin where it is normally present
Patchy (moth eaten)
Complete

57
Q

Alopecia (KNOW)

Primary lesion causes

A

Endocrinopathies

ex. Hypothyroidism

58
Q

Alopecia (KNOW)

Secondary lesion causes

A

Pyoderma
Demodex
Dermatophytosis

59
Q

Alopecia (KNOW)
Multifocal
DfDx

A 
Pyoderma
Demodex
Dermatophytosis
Sebaceous adenitits
Self-trauma
60
Q

Alopecia (KNOW)
Symmetrical
DfDx

A 
Endocrinopathies
Telogen defluxion
Anagen defluxion
Follicular dysplasias
Alopecia X
Self-trauma
61
Q

Scale

Description

A

Rare

Accumulation of loose fragments of cornified layer of skin

Consistency and color vary (oily, waxy, dry, yellow, white, brown)

Think: seborrheic disroders

62
Q

Scale

Dry vs. Oily

A

Dry = seborrhea sicca

Oily = seborrhea oleosa

63
Q

Scale

DfDx

A

Investigate skin closely for pyoderma

Consider causes of seborrhea:
Ichthyosis
Primary idiopathic seborrhea

64
Q

Follicular casts

Description

A

Accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft

65
Q

Follicular casts

DfDx

A

Causes of seborrhea:
Sebaceous adenititis
Vitamin A responsive dermatosis
Primary seborrhea

Can be seen in causes of folliculitis:
Bacterial pyoderma
Demodex
Dermatophytes

66
Q

Hyperpigmentation (KNOW)

Description

A

Increased epidermal and sometimes dermal melanin

Chronic inflammation causing pigment to increase

67
Q

Hyperpigmentation (KNOW)

DfDx

A 
Post-inflammatory
Trauma
Endocrine disease 
Lentigo 
Epidermal collarette
68
Q

Hypopigmentation

What is it?

A

Loss of epidermal melanin

69
Q

Hypopigmentation

DfDx

A

Post-inflammatory
Immune-mediated
Vitiligo (what MJ had)
Leukoderma (cutaneous lymphoma)

70
Q

Comedo/Comedones (KNOW)

Description

A

Dilated hair follicle filled with keratin and sebaceous debris

71
Q

Comedo/Comedones (KNOW)

DfDx

A

Demodex
Endocrine
Feline acne
Seborrhea

72
Q 
Pattern recognition (KNOW)
Ventrum
A

Pyoderma!

73
Q 
Pattern recognition (KNOW)
Head
A

Demodicosis!

74
Q 
Pattern recognition (KNOW)
Ear tips
A

Scabies

Vasculitis

75
Q 
Pattern recognition (KNOW)
Face/muzzle/head/ears
A

Pemphigus foliaceus!

76
Q 
Pattern recognition (KNOW)
Flanks and tail tip
A

Endocrine

77
Q

DfDx for:

Itching/licking paws/overgrooming

A

Until proven otherwise:
Allergies
Infections

Dermatology (13 decks)

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