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Dermatology > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Old horse with derm isssues think…

A

PPID

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2
Q

Quarter horse with derm issues think…

A

HERDA

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3
Q

Three systemic diseases that can cause derm issues

A

PPID
Pemphigus foliaceus
Liver disease (photosensitization)

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4
Q

Dermatophilosis (aka)

A

Common
Rain scald or rain rot

Cytology: railroad tracks!

Exfolication and crusts

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5
Q

Dermatophytosis (aka)
Species
Diagnosis

A

Ringworm
Fungal
Common

Trichophyton equinum
Microsporum gypseum or canis

Do a fungal culture (will take about 2 weeks)

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6
Q

Bacterial infectious agents

A

Not common

Staphylococcus
Corynebacterium
Streptococcus

Usually secondary infections not a primary issue

See exfoliation and crusts

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7
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus

Diagnosis

A

Immunologic problem

Biopsy needed for definitive diagnosis

Equine exfoliative eosinophilic dermatitis and stomatitis

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8
Q

Nutritional

A

Rare

Zinc, Iodine, Protein

Exfoliation and crusts

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9
Q

Dermatophilosis
Lesions
Clinical Signs

A

Exfoliations and crusts
Exudative, yellow

Can be very painful

Severe cases:
Fever, lethargy, anorexia

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10
Q

Dermatophilosis

Treatment

A

Soak and remove as many crusts as you can (this is very painful)
Chlorhexidine scrub (2%); SMALL amount 15 minute soak once/day for 1 week -takes about 2 weeks to resolve-
MUST rinse out all of the scrub or will make things worse

NSAIDs

Severe cases (not common): systemic antibiotics

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11
Q

Dermatophilosis

Treatment Setback

A

If in the winter will have to wait until summer to treat because have to give baths

If there is a facility where owner could give baths and have the horse dry off than can treat in winter; could come to your clinic but that is pricey

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12
Q

What is urticaria?

A

“Hives”

Wheals and edema

Antigen is hard to determine (need to see what has changed recently to know what could be the cause)

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13
Q

Uticaria
Clinical Signs
Treatment

A

Wheals and edema
+/- pruritus

Remove cause (will take several days for wheals to resolve)
Will resolve on own but:
Corticosteroids if pruritic
Antihistamines (not very effective)

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14
Q

What does HERDA stand for?

A

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia

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15
Q

HERDA

Background

A

Often in quarter horses; there is a genetic test for it (must submit hair samples WITH roots)

Autosomal recessive: both parents must have it

Effects:
Collagen

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16
Q

HERDA

Clinical Signs

A

Effects collagen therefore skin becomes hyperextensible/elastic
Skin comes undone from dermis and get a hematoma (PAINFUL)

Found mostly on dorsum

Most commonly see lesions where the saddle sits
Skin breaks and then heals via scaring

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17
Q

HERDA

Diagnosis

A

Clinical Signs
Breed
Biopsy
Genetic test

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18
Q

HERDA

Treatment

A

None
Usually have to euthanize

Even as a pasture pet if they hit themselves or itch on a post will rip skin

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19
Q

4 things that cause Pruritic dermatoses

A

Parasites
Allergies
Bacterial folliculitis
Fungal infections

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20
Q

Common parasites

A 
Lice
Mites
Ticks (but not many)
Onchocerca
Habronema
Pinworms (especially when pregnant)
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21
Q

Common allergen

A

Inset bite hypersenstivity

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22
Q

Allergy

Clinical Signs

A 
Pruritus (severe) - continually
Alopecia
Scaling
Ulcers
Hyperkeratosis
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23
Q

Insect-bite hypersensitivity

Background

A

Type I and IV hypersensitivity (eosinophils/IL-5)

Chronic, recurrent

Seasonal, biting Culicoides

Secondary bacterial infection may occur

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24
Q

Insect-bite hypersensitivity

Diagnosis

A

Serology NOT useful

Intradermal testing (often get many false positives) – not recommended

Clinical signs and seasonality

Response to management

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25
Q

Insect-bite hypersensitivity

Treatment

A

Insect management!

Stable mid pm to mid am (when bugs are most active)

Screens and fans (Culicoides so tiny fans blow them away)

Fly sheets and fly masks (Zebra print helps a lot!)

Topical:
2% permethrin
Cypermethrin

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26
Q

Ways to decrease pruritus

A

Corticosteroids (usually not used alone, but done for relief until underlying cause under control)

Shampoo

Omega-3 FA

Antihistamines are not very effective b/c Type IV reaction also happening (cell-mediated)

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27
Q

Insect-bite hypersensitivity

Prevention

A

Vaccine: Anit-IL-5 (not in US)

Only helps 50% of the time

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28
Q

Skin tumors; are they likely to metastasize?

A

No!

Example: oral melanomas are not a big deal like they are in dogs

29
Q

What is the most common tumor type?

A

Sarcoid

30
Q

What to keep in mind when approaching equine tumors

A

Not every tumor needs to be treated

Wide margins may not be indicated in areas with limited skin; yay got tumor off so looks better but now can never close the skin…
If small can remove than follow up with adjudicative therapies

He will only take excisional biopsy; incisional is not very useful

31
Q

Keys to successful tumor treatment

A

Be more aggressive than the tumor (some are very angry)

Be more stubborn/persistent than the tumor

Make sure owners are committed to the fight

32
Q

What are 4 common tumor types?

A

Sarcoids
Melanomas
SCC
Mast Cell Tumors

33
Q

Where is the most common place to have neoplasia?

A

> 50% of all equine neoplasias are on the skin

34
Q

Sarcoid

Background

A

Usually on hairless spot

Fibroblastic tissue type
Locally invasive
Non-metastatic (but can sometimes met)

May have a genetic link

35
Q

Sarcoid

What issues can they cause?

A

May disrupt normal eyelid function or indirectly damage eye

May be in areas that inhibit normal use or function

36
Q

Sarcoid
Age
Breed

A

3-6 years of age

Quarter Horse, Appaloosas, Arabians

37
Q

Sarcoid

DfDx

A

Papilloma especially in young horses

38
Q

Sarcoid and Bovine Papillomavirus

A

No intact viral particles have been found in sarcoids BUT DNA and RNA proteins have been found

Detected in both normal skin and tumors

Detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Aggressive sarcoids have higher viral load

BPV NOT a direct cause

39
Q

Bovine Papillomavirus Transmission

A

Unknown

Direct cattle to horse? Indirect? Both have been “appreciated”

Horse-horse?
Via insects; has been shown – bite and virus gets into peripheral blood

40
Q

Occult Sarcoid

A

Benign

Found around mouth, eyes, neck

Mild hyperkeratosis
Slightly thickened skin
+/- color change

Slowly growing but can convert

41
Q

Verrucose (Warty) Sarcoid

A

Most common

Face, body, groin/sheth areas

Rough hyperkeratotic appearance
Scaling
Flat or pedunculated

Often slow growing and not very aggressive until it is injured

Can change to fibroblastic sarcoid

42
Q

Nodular Sarcoid

A

Groin, sheath, eyelid

Firm, well-defined SQ, spherical nodules

Nodules lie under apparently normal skin and may be freely movable
Can have dermal and deep attachments

43
Q

Nodular Sarcoid

Removal

A

Incise direction over sarcoid and remove it

Do not take excess skin; just close the skin over the site

44
Q

Fibroblastic Sarcoid

A

Groin, eyelid, lower limbs, wounds

Fleshy appearance

Pedunculated and extensive (looks like proud flesh; exuberant granulation tissue)

If bumped will become angry

Flies like them; causes irritation

45
Q

Fibroblastic Sarcoid

Treatment

A

MUST treat these; may look ugly but try to remove and you might be shocked at good results!

46
Q

Mixed Sarcoid

A

Verrucous, Nodular, and Fibroblastic

Progressive/transient state between the occult/verrucous types and fibroblastic/nodular types

47
Q

Mixed Sarcoid

Treatment

A

Expands over large areas => cannot remove

Must use other modalities to treat (local or chemo)

48
Q

Malevolent Sarcoid

A

ANGRY/AGGRESSIVE fibroblastic sarcoid (spreads rapidly)

Jaw, face, elbow, and medial thigh area

History of repeated trauma to other types of sarcoid

49
Q

Malevolent Sarcoid

Pathophysiology

A

Infiltrate in lymphatic vessels resulting in multiple nodular or fibroblastic masses along these vessels

Local lymph nodes might also be involved

RARE

50
Q

Sarcoid Management

A

Surgical excision (do not take more than necessary); removal early, when small, preferred

Laser ablation (CO2 evaporation until you see normal tissue; may require multiple treatments)

Cryotherapy
Hyperthermia

Chemotherapy (Cisplatin most common)

Topical cytotoxic drugs

Electrochemotherapy

Immunologic methods

51
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Second most common tumor

Very invasive
18% metastasis (very slow process however)

Eye, ocular adnexa, conjunctiva, and external genitalia (likes mucous membranes)

52
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Age

A

11-19 years

53
Q

Ocular tumor statistic

A

About 10% of horses evaluated for ocular tumors have a second mass at a different body
site

54
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

External vs. Internal

A

External = better prognosis

Internal = no good treatment
Stomach
Esophagus
Nasal Passages
Pharynx
Larynx
Perianal Tissue
Lungs
55
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Predispositions

A

Sun damaged skin
High altitude
Light pigmented skin (grey, white, cremello)
Breed (Draft, Appaloosa, Paint)
Persistent phimosis, smegma, trauma to external genitalia

Papilloma virus?

56
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Treatment
Third eyelid

A

Remove entire third eyelid

57
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Treatment
Genitalia

A

Topical 5-FU

If lesions bad will have to resect penis

58
Q

Crazy looking wounds

A

Biopsy

Once you know what it is treat accordingly

59
Q

Melanocytic Tumors

A

Tumor from melanocytes

Grey horses (80% of older gray horses develop melanocytic tumors, 66% of those are not malignant)

60
Q

Melanocytic Tumors
Age
Breed

A

Any age and of any color

Arabians
Percherons
Thoroughbreds

61
Q

Melanocytic Tumors

Location

A 
Undersurface of tail near base
Perineal or perianal regions
Genitalia
Mammary gland
Base of pinna (ear margin)
Commissures of lips
Skin around eye
Parotid salivary gland
62
Q

Melanocytic nevus

A

Benign tumors that appear as a single, discrete, solitary mass

Affects younger horses of all coat colors

Location: umbilicus, forelimb, rump, shoulder, thigh, neck, cannon bone

Sx removal is curative

63
Q

Dermal melanomas

A

Most are benign

Discrete, solitary masses (one or two)

Older gray horses (13 years)

Likes mucous membrane areas

Sx is usually curative (and easy to remove)

64
Q

Dermal melanomatosis

A

Internal metastasis is likely! – invades deep

15 years or older

Multiple tumors noted

Likes mucous membrane areas

65
Q

Dermal melanomatosis

Treatment

A

Surgical excision of these tumors often curative for the masses that are removed

Remaining masses continue to grow

New tumors will develop

Often palliative treatment/care

66
Q

Anaplastic malignant melanomas

A

Uncommon

Older horses (>20 years) of any hair coat

Metastasize quickly

67
Q

Anaplastic malignant melanomas

Histology

A

Variable pigmentation
Extremely pleomorphic epithelioid cells
Single-cell invasion of epithelium
Numerous mitotic figures

68
Q

Mast Cell Tumors

A

Uncommon

Five more times common in males than females

Usually cutaneous nodule often located on head

No age predilection

69
Q

Mast Cell Tumors

Two Types

A

Hyperplastic (more common)
Neoplastic

Sx excision usually curative

Dermatology (13 decks)

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