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Dermatology > Flea Allergy > Flashcards

Flea Allergy Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Flea allergy

Etiology

A

Small, brown, wingless bloodsucking insects

Ctenocephalides felis felis = major flea of dogs and cats

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2
Q

Where do fleas come from?

A

Fleas outdoors come from eggs deposited from flea infested dogs, cats, and urban wildlife

Eggs deposited can develop into adults (environment)

Pet goes outside and gets fleas
Fleas jump on people and come into house (may not be human specific but can still be on human as a fomite)

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3
Q

Flea infestation requires

A

Male and female

Female flea initiates feeding immediately when on host
She then secretes pheromones to attract male
Within 24 hours female begins laying 40-50 eggs/day

Eggs laid on host and fall into environment
Cannot survive in freezing or low humidity

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4
Q

Flea Eggs

A

Larvae hatch within 2-10 days

Can go dormant and not hatch for 3-4 months (waiting for perfect conditions

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5
Q

Eggs and Larvae location

A

Under furniture
Within carpet/rugs
In crevices/cracks in floorboards

Do not travel far from hatch site

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6
Q

Larvae: Meal

A

Feeds on organic debris and flea dirt (poops)

Blood is an essential part of diet

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7
Q

Larvae to Pupae

A

Pupate within 8-34 days

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8
Q

Pupae Cycle

A

Larva will spin cocoon (sticky and coated with debri)

Inside: larva undergoes metamorphosis

Emerge as adult within 1-2 weeks or remain in cocoon for up to 1 year; takes awhile to fully control an outbreak

Resistant to temperature and desiccation

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9
Q

Emergence of adult from cocoon

Stimulated by…

A

Mechanical pressure (walking around)
CO2
Increase temperature

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10
Q

Emerged adults

A

Attracted to light
Stimulus fro the jump response is decrease in light intensity (shadow!)

Could bite human before finding its host but it is like ew no this is not right

Must find host within 1-2 weeks or will die

Adults can survive winter on host

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11
Q

Does C. felis perfer one host or multiple?

A

Once it has found a host will most likely stay on that host

Possible to jump to another host but rather stay on the original

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12
Q

C. felis Feeding

A

Reproductive and feeding machines

Feed in seconds to 5 minutes once on host

Females consume 10x-15x body weight within 24 hours

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13
Q

Is there a product to stop initial feeding in C. felis?

A

NO

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14
Q

Pathophysiology of hypersensitivity reactions

Type?

A

All dogs and cats develop “sensitization” due to repeated exposure; individual dependent

The more exposure the more likely to develop abnormal response

Type: I and IV (IgE-mediated)

Flea antigen; in saliva

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15
Q

Pathophysiology of hypersensitivity reactions

Sequela

A

Hot spots

Self-mutilation

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16
Q

Pathophysiology

Factors that favor Flea Allergy Dermatitis

A

Intermittent exposure (drugs waxing and waning)
First exposure to fleas later in life
Animals with environmental allergies (atopy)

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17
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis (KNOW)

Canine Clinical Signs

A 
Pruritus!
Specifically:
Caudal dorsal back
Flanks
Ventral abdomen

Can be generalized

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18
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis (KNOW)

Canine Lesions

A

Primary papular eruptions
Self-trauma/secondary lesions

Crusting 
Scaling
Alopecia
Lichenification
Hot Spots; acute moist pyotraumatic dermatitis 
Secondary pyoderma (surface pyoderma)
19
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Feline Clinical Signs

A 
Pruritus
Specifically:
Neck
Tail base
Not as distinct as canine

Can be generalized

20
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Feline Lesions

A

Crusted papules (miliary dermatitis)

Pruritus with no lesions
Alopecia (excessive grooming)

Eosinophilic granuloma complex:
Indolent ulcers
Eosinophilic plaques
Eosinophilic granulomas

21
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis (KNOW)

Diagnosis

A

Clinical diagnosis and response to treatment

Clinical signs

Presence of fleas and/or flea feces (dirt) HOWEVER absence does not rule out fleas

22
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Secondary infection

A

Tape worms!

Dipylidium caninum

23
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Supplemental diagnostics

A

Could be supportive…
Allergy testing
Bloodwork; eosinophilia
Skin biopsy; perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils

24
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Treatment Goal

A

Focus on stopping reproduction

Note: owner will HAVE to treat home because there is no way the home is not infested (eggs->larvae->pupae->adults)

25
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Treatment approach

A

Treat secondary infections
Treat pruritus
Client education
Flea treatment

26
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Treatment Failure

A

Poor client compliance
Suboptimal treatment regimen (maybe dog swims often so product not as strong)
Insecticide resistance?
Incorrect diagnosis (different allergy occuring)

Should respond within a month of treatment

27
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Ineffective treatments

A

Flea collars over-the-counter
Resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids

Flea repellants (Brewer’s yeast which will actually make it worse)

28
Q

Flea Allergy Dermatitis (KNOW)
Treatment
2 Approaches

A
  1. Effective residual adulticides; killing fleas within 24 hours before they can begin to lay eggs
  2. Use of IGRs (insect growth regulators) or insecticides to kill any eggs that are produced:
    Methoprene/Pyriproxyfen
    Lufeneron
29
Q

Residual Adulticides

Speed of Kill

A

Initial speed of kill - most products do well

Residual speed of kill:
Killing newly acquired fleas fast enough to:
Prevent flea reproduction
Reduce injection of antigen and => minimize FAD

Product needs to last!

30
Q

Residual Adulticides

Isoxazolines; MOA

A

Inhibits GABA and glutamate gated chloride channels

Circulates in plasma proteins

Route of elimination: hepatic

31
Q

Residual Adulticides
Bravecto
Mechanism (KNOW)

A

Isoxazoline
Drug name: Fluralaner

Initial speed of kill:
4 hours: 80.5%
8, 12, 24 hours: 99.4, 100, 100%

Residual speed of Kill at 24 hours:
4 weeks: 100%
8 weeks: 100%
12 weeks: 100%

32
Q

Residual Adulticides

What hour is most important for killing/preventing reproduction

A

24 hours!

33
Q

Clinical trial to determine FAD

How does this work

A

Give medication that lasts a month (Nexgard, Simparica, Credelio)

Improve, treatment stops, signs start again than most likely have flea allergy => indefinite treatment

34
Q

What do Isoxazolines treat?

A 
Ectoparasites 
Flea
Tick
Demodex mites
Scabies
Otodectes
35
Q

Residual Adulticides

Capstar

A

Rx: Nitenpyram

Kills fleas in 30 min
Speed of kill:
3 hrs: 100%
24 hrs: 100%
48 hrs: 98%

Can lose efficacy quickly
Must treat every other day for 1 month

36
Q

Residual Adulticides

Comfortis

A

Spinosad

Speed of kill:
4 hrs: 100%

Labeled for 1 month

37
Q

Residual Adulticides
Advantage
K9 Advantix

A

Imidocloprid
Permethrin (can kill cats)
Moxidectin

Topical spot treatment
Adheres to skin and hair
Labeled for 30 days
Bathing may alter effectiveness and longevity

38
Q

Residual Adulticides

Seresto

A

Imidocloprid with flumethrin

Slow release matrix collar

Lasts 8 months but decreases to 5 months if swimming or bathing regularly

Fleas, lice, ticks, scabies

39
Q

Residual Adulticides

Revolution

A

Salemectin

Systemically absorbed
Forms reservoirs in sebaceous glands 
Adulticide and ovicidal 
More effective in cats!
Labeled for 30 days
40
Q

Insect Growth Regulators

What are they?

A

Can be used on pets or applied to environment

Prevent flea eggs from hatching

Larvae cannot pupate

41
Q

Insect Growth Regulators

Examples

A

Methoprene-Frontline Plus

Pyriproxyfen-Vectra 3D

42
Q

Insect Development Inhibitors
How do these work?
Example?

A

Lufenuron (Sentinel)

Chitin synthesis inhibitor (eggs and larvae)
Eggs non-viable because larval exoskeleton formation inhibited

Products are NOT adulticides

43
Q

Managing the Itch

A

MUST treat all secondary infections

2-3 weeks of treatment most likely needed
Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory dose)
Apoquel
Cytopoint

Avoid injections b/c if secondary complications arise you have to ride it out

Dermatology (13 decks)

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