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MOOD DISORDERS > General Anxiety Disorder > Flashcards

General Anxiety Disorder Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

how could we differentiate between
someone who has depression and anxiety if they have the same symptoms?

A

1.) Worry
2.) Timing of these symptoms

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3
Q

GAD 12 month prevalence in adolescents …..

A

0.9%

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4
Q

GAD 12 month prevalence in adults …….

A

2.9%

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5
Q

GAD lifetime prevalence……

A

4.7%

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6
Q

GAD ratio of females to males is ….

A

2:1

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7
Q

GAD onset = median age is ______ (_______ than most anxiety disorders). Although individuals report that they have felt anxious ________.

A

30 years old, later, all their lives

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8
Q

GAD development: onset rarely occurs ________. Peaks in ______ then _______ across later years in life

A

prior to adolescent, middle age, declines

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9
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Diagnostic Criteria (A)

A

1) Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months

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10
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Diagnostic Criteria (B)

A

Individual finds it difficult to control the worry

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11
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Diagnostic Criteria (C)

A

The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the six
symptoms presented

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12
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Diagnostic Criteria (D)

A

The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment

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13
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Diagnostic Criteria (E)

A

The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder

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14
Q

GAD Diagnostic Symptoms (6)

A

1) Restlessness or feeling on edge
2) Being easily fatigued
3) Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
4) Irritability
5) Muscle tension
6) Sleep disturbance

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15
Q

GAD Diagnostic symptoms in regards to children ….

A

only one of the symptoms is required

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16
Q

GAD specifier with panic attack …..

A

An abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes during which time 4 (or more) symptoms might occur

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17
Q

Examples of GAD with panic symptoms ….

A

1) accelerated heart rate
2) Sweating
3) Trembling or shaking
4) shortness of breath
5) Chest pain
6) abdominal distress
7) light-headed
8) Fear of dying
9) Fear of losing control
10) Paresthesias
11) Derealization
12) Chills or heat sensations.

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18
Q

GAD with panic results in ….

A

1) worse long-term outcome
2) severity of the disorder

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19
Q

(GAD) worry is a chain of thoughts and images, _______ and relatively _______

A

negatively affect-laden, uncontrollable

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20
Q

(GAD) worry is primarily an _______ process involving ______, primarily ________ related to possible _______ and their ________.

A

anticipatory cognitive, repetitive, verbal thoughts, threatening outcomes, consequences

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21
Q

(GAD) worry is living in a relatively ______, ________ mood state of _______ and _______.

A

constant, future-oriented, anxious apprehension, uneasiness

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22
Q

Worry is _______, Rumination is oriented on the _______

A

future-oriented, past / present

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23
Q

Worry is concerned with _______, Rumination is concerned with _______

A

fear/threat, failure/loss

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24
Q

Worry is linked with _______, Rumination is linked with ________

A

anxiety, depression

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25
Q

Worry focuses on _______ Rumination focuses on _______

A

many things, one/few things

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26
Q

Worry is ______ questions Rumination is a ______ to ______

A

“What if”, coping response, mood

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27
Q

GAD worry is _______ and interferes with _______

A

excessive, psychosocial function

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28
Q

GAD worry is longer in _______, and occurs _______ without _______

A

duration, frequently, precipitants

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29
Q

GAD worry is more likely to be accompanied by ________.

A

physical symptoms

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30
Q

GAD worry impairs individual’s capacity to do things ______ and _______

A

quickly, efficiently

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31
Q

GAD worry usually occurs on _______

A

multiple fronts

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32
Q

With GAD, individuals worry tends to be ……

A

age appropriate

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33
Q

Adults worry about ….

A

routine life circumstances

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34
Q

Children worry about ______ of their performance, _______, _______ events

A

competence or quality, punctuality, catastrophic

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35
Q

Most _______ focus on what is _______ worry in individuals with GAD

A

psychological theories, maintaining

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36
Q

Worrying helps the individual ______,
_______ thinking about the bigger issue, ______ me for negative events, helps ______ emotions, helps individual feel ______

A

cope, prevents/avoids, prepares, manage, in control

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37
Q

worry is…..

A

maladaptive problem solving

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38
Q

Cognitive Avoidance Theory of Worry includes …..

A

1) Superstitious / actual avoidance of catastrophe
2) Avoidance of deeper emotional topics
3) Coping and preparation

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39
Q

Cognitive Avoidance Theory of Worry: worrying just ______ to fear-inducing images mutes _______ and _______ responses ( _______ reinforcement

A

prior, physiological, emotional, negative

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40
Q

Cognitive Avoidance Theory of Worry: worrying helps _____ one from _______ (_______ that allows for someone to have a sense of _______)

A

avoid, dysphoric feelings, defense mechanism, control

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41
Q

Emotional dysregulation Model is how the ……

A

development and maintenance of anxiety are caused by difficulty in
regulating emotions / emotional experience

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42
Q

Emotional dysregulation Model: With GAD experience emotions more ______, ______, and with
more _______

A

quickly, easily, heightened intensity

43
Q

Emotional dysregulation Model: With GAD there is difficulty _______ from a _______ mood state

A

recovering, negative

44
Q

Emotional dysregulation Model: With GAD there are sharp increases in
________ to _______ emotional states

A

negative, positive

45
Q

Emotional dysregulation Model: Persons with GAD would rather have _______ low levels of ______ and _______ bad things to happen than to have ______ in mood

A

sustained, distress, expecting, sharp shifts

46
Q

Metacognitive model is how the …….

A

development and maintenance of anxiety are caused by how one reacts to one’s own thoughts with preseverative processing

47
Q

Metacognitive model: An individual has 2 types of worry when confronted with anxiety …..

A

1) worries about everyday events
2) worries about own thoughts/worries

48
Q

Metacognitive model: A person holds _______ (worry is _____) and
________ (worry is ______)

A

positive beliefs, useful, negative beliefs, uncontrollable / negative

49
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model states that the …..

A

development and maintenance of anxiety are caused by tendency to react negatively about uncertainty / ambiguous situations

50
Q

Metacognitive model: When a person is trying to suppress worrying about _______ it makes things ______.

A

own thoughts/worries, worse

51
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model: worrying ______ feelings of ______ / helps ______

A

reduces, uncertainty, coping

52
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model: Persons prefer ______ outcome to an ______ one

A

negative, uncertain

53
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) goal is to ….

A

increase psychological flexibility

54
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model: Disorder leads to ______ instead of ________

A

worry, problem-solving

55
Q

psychological flexibility is the …

A

ability to accept unpleasant
thoughts/feelings while staying present in the moment, and then
choosing helpful behaviors based on the situation or one’s personal values

56
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is _______, not necessarily _______

A

acceptance-based, change-based

57
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is rooted in
_______ and _______

A

mindfulness, self-acceptance

58
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is tailored to the ______, can be ______, ______, and/or _______, also can be brief or long in _______.

A

individual client, individual, couples, grouped, duration

59
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is achieved via 6 core processes called ..

A

Hexaflex model

60
Q

Hexaflex Model Stages ….

A

1) Acceptance
2) Cognitive defusion
3) Being present
4) Self as context
5) Values
6) Committed action

61
Q

Hexaflex Model: 1) Acceptance includes ….

A

1) practicing non-judgemental awareness
2) accepting the experience of negative emotions

62
Q

Hexaflex Model: 2) Cognitive defusion includes …..

A

learning the process of thought rather than getting caught up or consumed by them

63
Q

Hexaflex Model: 3) Being present includes …..

A

be grounded and fully engaged with one’s sensory experiences in the present moment

64
Q

Hexaflex Model: 4) Self as context includes …..

A

individual is not just the content of their thoughts and emotions

65
Q

Hexaflex Model: 5) Values includes …..

A

process of identifying what is important to an individual , and what qualities of behavior one would like to live with

66
Q

Hexaflex Model: 6) Committed action includes …..

A

taking steps toward committed values

67
Q

Self-control desensitization is a …….

A

treatment or process that diminishes emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it

68
Q

Counter-Conditioning Model for Gradual Anxiety Extinction operates under the …..

A

reciprocal inhibition concept

69
Q

The Reciprocal Inhibition Concept states ……

A

patient can not be relaxed and anxious / tense at the same time

70
Q

Counter-Conditioning Model for Gradual Anxiety Extinction: State The R’s

A

React, Retreat, Relax, Recover, Repeat

71
Q

Counter-Conditioning Model for Gradual Anxiety Extinction has 2 aspects ….

A

1) Create an anxiety stimulus hierarchy for anxiety-provoking
situations with ratings

2) Anxiety-producing events paired with relaxation

72
Q

GAD has a ______ to _______ heritable component

A

minimal, moderate

73
Q

_______ of variance in liability to GAD due to _______.

A

30-40%, genetics

74
Q

Amygdala: _____ and ______ within the ________, ________ with other brain areas

A

fear, anxiety, limbic system, bidirectional

75
Q

BNST: extension of ______, _______, and ________ center to hypothalamus (worry increases _______ levels)

A

amygdala, vigilance, stress relay, cortisol

76
Q

Cortex: ________ thinking, ________, worrying statements ______ the ______ areas and don’t return to ______.

A

higher order, judgment, activate, cortex, baseline

77
Q

Hippocampus: learned _______ (conditioned ______ memories)

A

emotional response, fear

78
Q

Neurotransmitter systems involved ……

A

GABA, serotonin, CRH

79
Q

Anxiolytics are minor _______. They are muscle ________, have _______ properties, and _______ tension

A

tranquilizers, relaxant, sedative, reduce

80
Q

Anxiolytics (Buspirone) take _______ to show improvement

A

2 to 4 weeks,

81
Q

Anxiolytics (Buspirone) are ______, well tolerated than _______; but less preferred than _______.

A

safer, benzos, SSRIs

82
Q

Anxiolytics (Buspirone) have less side effects compared to _______

A

benzos

83
Q

Anxiolytics (Buspirone) do not lead to …..

A

physiological dependence

84
Q

Anxiolytics example for GAD ……

A

Buspirone (Buspar)

85
Q

Buspirone is a partial and full ______ of _______ receptor (______)

A

agonist, 5-HT1a

86
Q

Buspirone is an _______ of ________ receptor

A

antagonist, dopamine D2

87
Q

Buspirone does not act on the ______

A

GABA system

88
Q

SSRIs don’t create physiological dependence to the degree that _________ do

A

benzodiazepines

89
Q

SSRIs can alleviate cormorbid _______ symptoms

A

depressive

90
Q

SSRIs takes about ______ to have any noticeable effects

A

2-6 weeks

91
Q

SSRIs have ______ undesirable side effects; may see ______ in anxiety first ______, which can reduce ________

A

mild, increase, 2 weeks, treatment compliance

92
Q

SSRIs have _______ benefit/risk analysis therefore ……..

A

positive, “first line of defense”

93
Q

SSRIs are still _______ in terms of long-term effects

A

unknown

94
Q

SSRIs short-term effects: blocks ______, therefore more ______ is present in the _______

A

serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), serotonin, synaptic cleft

95
Q

Notion that _______ underlies GAD

A

serotonin

96
Q

Anxiolytics (Benzodiazepines) examples for GAD ……

A

Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan

97
Q

Anxiolytics (Benzos) can induce _______ side effects, examples ….

A

undesirable

cognitive functions
aggression
increase suicide risk

98
Q

Anxiolytics (Benzos) have very _______, within ________, they are _______ and _____

A

rapid effects, minutes, sedative, muscle relaxing

99
Q

Anxiolytics (Benzos) can cause _______, therefore can lead to ______, and relapse of _______

A

physiological dependence, withdrawal, anxiety disorders

100
Q

Anxiolytics (Benzos) do not treat comorbid symptoms …..

A

with depression

101
Q

Benzos are an _______ by binding to _______ receptors and alter the
_______ of the _______ when ______ binds

A

allosteric modulator, GABA-A, responsiveness, ion channel, GABA

102
Q

Benzos increase …..

A

chloride ion conductance

103
Q

Benzos move the ______ more ______ and prevent further _______ or ______

A

resting membrane potential, negative, depolarization, activation

104
Q

Benzos potentiate …..

A

GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission

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