Depression 4 Flashcards
Generally decreased or asymmetrical _______, decreased ______, lesioned _______ integrity in _______ areas.
prefrontal activity, volume, white matter, prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal regions –> _____ functions, cognitive control of _______.
Higher levels of these ______ predict _______ clinical outcomes –> decreased ______
executive, behavior
“changes”, poorer, volume
Anterior cingulate cortex –> _______ learning, _______, interface of _______/_______/_______
Higher _______ and decreased _______ in depressed patients
reward-based, impulsivity, decision-making, attentions, emotion
activation, volume
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) / nucleus accumbens –> ______, _______ processing, _______ center – ______ in activity of depressed patients.
motivation, reward, prediction-dopamine, deficits
Hippocampus –> ________ learning, _______, forms connections with brain regions involved in _______ info;
very responsive to ______ -> decreased ______ in depressed patients.
Emotional, memory, emotional-related, stress, volume
Hippocampus is correlated with number of ______, lifetime _______, _______ treatment.
episodes, duration, antidepressant
Amygdala –> attention to _______ emotional ______, responds to _______ stimuli, encodes _______ memories
______ activation and _______ in anatomical _______ in depressed patients.
negative, regulation, threatening, emotional
Increased, increases, changes
Thalamus is a ______” from _______ regions to ______ regions, and regulates ______ and ______.
Decreased _____ in individuals with depression
“relay station, subcortical, cortical, sleep, wakefulness,
size
Neuroplasticity is the ability of neurons and networks of neurons to ______ and ______ over ______ in response to ______.
change, adapt, time, stimuli
Neuroplasticity Hypothesis of Depression states ______ neural plasticity leads to ______ seen in ______.
dysfunctional, impairments, depression
Stress models of depression show a decrease in ______, reduced connectivity in _____ and ________, but is increased connectivity in the ________.
dendritic spine density, PFC, hippocampus, amygdala
Rapid-acting antidepressants, like _______ or ______, as well exercise induce _______.
ketamine, SSRIs, dendritic restructuring
Biomarkers that regulate _______ can regulate _______ behaviors
synaptic plasticity, depressive-like
Alteration in ______ and ______ of neurons impairs ______ that may lead to depressive symptomology
structure, function, functional networks
Neurogenesis is the …..
birth of new neurons
Adult neurogenesis has been shown to occur in only two locations ….
1) Subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles
2) Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Stress can hinder adult …..
hippocampal neurogenesis
Antidepressant treatment increases ……
hippocampal neurogenesis
Increasing adult neurogenesis can reduce …..
depressive-like behaviors
______ neurons in the ______ may restore _______ to improve control of ______ outcomes
New, hippocampus, deficits, mood
Apoptosis is the …..
induction of cell death
Apoptosis Hypothesis of Depression: Neuronal _____ may be responsible for the _______ changes and _______ seen in depression.
loss, volumetric, symptomology,
Stress and depression can induce …..
hippocampal apoptosis
Some antidepressants can ______ processes that mediate ______.
inhibit, apoptosis
Monoamine Theory of Depression states depression is due to ______ and ______ level ______.
norepinephrine, serotonin, depletion
norepinephrine and serotonin are important in (6) ….
mood
emotional expression
arousal
behavioral activity
stress
aversive signaling
Studies have found decreased ________ and decreased ________ to receptors and enzymes
circulating monoamine precursors, serotonin binding
Most antidepressants acutely increase _____ levels, but this theory _____ explain why antidepressants take _____ weeks to have any ______.
monoamine, doesn’t, 2-6, efficacy
Most antidepressants acutely increase _______ which could be due to (3) …..
monoamine levels
1) Altered receptor level
2) Decreased neurotransmitter level
3) Increased degradation
The Monoamine Theory of Depression has been the _______, but this is _______.
prevailing theory, changing
Dopamine is involved in (5 listed) ……
reward/reinforcement
motivational stimuli
reward prediction error
punishment
motor control
Depressed people show diminished ______/______ and _______ dysfunction.
interest, motivation, psychomotor
Studies have found that ______ in ______ function in “depressed” people and rodents.
changes, dopamine
GABA is the main …..
inhibitory neurotransmitters
Glutamate is the main ….
excitatory neurotransmitters
Depressed peoples have decreased density of _______ interneurons, and decreased _______ levels.
GABAergic, glutamate
Depressed people have altered …….
frontal cortex excitability
GABA and Glutamate heavily influence _______ and most likely disruption in these affects the ______ of networks.
synaptic plasticity, connectivity
_______ targets the glutamate system
Ketamine
Stepped-Care Model is least ______, most ______ intervention is provided ______, then if not ______, move on to the next one.
intrusive, “effective”, first, effective
Order of Stepped-care Model is (5 steps) …….
1) Behavioral Therapy
2) SSRIs, NRIs, SNRIs
3) Tricyclic / tetracyclic antidepressants
4) MAO irreversible inhibitors
5) Then “treatment-resistant” treatments
With Stepped-care Model the order is not determined based on ______, but the order is due to number of
________ associated with each _______
efficacy, side effects, medication
Generally all typical antidepressant medications have a ______ remission, and show increase _______ of _______. After withdrawal, ______ relapse rate.
15-30%, response rates, 45-75%, 70-90%
The Stepped-Care Model is changing due to uncovering _______, potential new _______ medications / _______ treatments, and the _______ of the cases.
specifiers, atypical, brain
stimulation, severity
Placebo effectevness depends on (3) ….
1) baseline severity
2) nature of the study population
3) short-term vs. long-term outcomes
Antidepressants can increase the risk for ______, not for the actual ______, but potentially for _______ and ______.
suicide, act, suicidal ideation, self-injury
Antidepressants increase risk of suicide is usually in the _______ of treatment in _______ populations
early stages, younger
_______ antidepressant use reduces the risk of suicide
Longer-term
Early antidepressants use in _______ people can _______ energy, irritability, agitation, insomnia
young, increase