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MOOD DISORDERS > Depression 2+3 > Flashcards

Depression 2+3 Flashcards

1
Q

There is no _______ theory of a ________ view of depression

A

unified, psychodynamic

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2
Q

Psychodynamic theories focus on the _______ and _______ stressors/aversive events.

A

unconscious, early childhood

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3
Q

Almost all theories emphasize a fragile ________ (______) due to early ______ stressors and that ______ depression is _______ by _______.

A

self-esteem, diathesis,
childhood, adult, triggered, loss/disappointment

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4
Q

Brief dynamic therapy is …..

A

~ 20 sessions

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Psychodynamic Focus Areas (5) …..

A

1) Much of mental life is unconscious
2) Past is prologue
3) Transference
4) Countertransference
5) Resistance

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7
Q

Themes of Causality:

Depression is a result of ______ turned ______ because the patient has identified with the ______, and subsequently leads to reactive ______

A

anger, inward, lost “object”, anger

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8
Q

Themes of Causality:

Depression is due to an overactive, dominant ______ over this _______

A

super-ego, anger

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9
Q

Themes of Causality:

Depression occurs when the individual ______ adequately ______ their early ______.

A

never, resolved, concerns

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10
Q

Adult depression is triggered by _____ that stirs up ______ feelings of ______ and ______ losses

A

new loss, negative, past, present

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11
Q

Becks was ______ with psychodynamic theories of depression; and focused on the idea that _____ people expereince ______, but most do not develop ______.

A

disenchanted, all, stressors, depression

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12
Q

Becks Cognitive Theory states the ______, ______, and
_______ of depression are driven by _______.

A

onset, maintenance, exacerbation, depressive self-schemas

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13
Q

______ symptoms of depression precede
_______ symptoms

A

cognitive, affective mood

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14
Q

(Becks): Negative ______ and _______ beliefs (_______ schemas) are a result of ______ experiences and remain ______ until ______

A

cognitions, dysfunctional, depressogenic, early life, latent, activated

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15
Q

(Becks): Individual may now experience ______ thoughts surrounding this _____ leading to ______

A

negative, event, depression

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16
Q

Diathesis-stress theory, where ______ and _______ are the underlying _______.

A

negative schemas, cognitive vulnerability, diathesis

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17
Q

In the Diathesis-Stress Theory, stressors are necessary to ….

A

activate schemas

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18
Q

Becks Cognitive Theory (1)

______ experiences lead to the formation of ______/ _______ that leave a person _______ to depression

A

Early, dysfunctional assumptions, negative schemas, vulnerable

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19
Q

Becks Cognitive Theory (2)

Certain ______/______ activate those _______.

A

incidents, stressors, assumptions

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20
Q

Becks Cognitive Theory (3)

_______ beliefs trigger negative, pessimistic, and ______ thoughts that in turn produce _______ symptoms

A

Dysfunctional, automatic, depressive

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21
Q

Becks Cognitive Theory (40

Depressive ______ further ______ the depressive ______ thoughts, creating a recurring ______.

A

symptoms, fuel, automatic, cycle

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22
Q

Pessimistic predictions center on the ……

A

Negative cognitive triad

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23
Q

The Becks Negative Cognitive Triad includes …

A

self
world
future

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24
Q

Becks Negative Cognitive Triad is maintained by ……

A

biased thinking strategies

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25
Q

Becks Negative Cognitive Triad biased thinking strategies involve ….

A

1) All or none reasoning
2) Selective abstraction
3) Arbitrary inference

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26
Q

Selective abstraction is to …..

A

focus on one negative detail of situation

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27
Q

Arbitrary inference is to …

A

jump to a conclusion based on minimal evidence

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28
Q

All the Becks Negative Cognitive Triad thinking strategies ______ each other

A

reinforce

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29
Q

Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) is a ______ questionnaire, one of the most ______ self-reports

A

21 item, widely used

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30
Q

Becks Depression Inventory (BDI): The higher the _____, the more ______ symptomology.

A

score, depressive

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31
Q

Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) has varied but is usually a ______ questionnaire, assesses ______ and ______ attitudes.

A

40 item, rigid, self-defeating

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32
Q

Learned helplessness states depression is due to …..

A

lack of control over outcomes

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33
Q

Helplessness Theory Part 1:
(behavioral experiment)

_____ groups of dogs in harnesses that received ________. (One group could press a lever to turn _____ the shock, while the other group has ______ shock)

A

Two, electric shocks, off, inescapable

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34
Q

Helplessness Theory Part 2:
(behavioral experiment)

Same dogs placed in shuttle box where they could _____ electrical shocks. Animals exposed to _______ electric shocks acted _______ and _______ even when they could ______ the shocks.

A

escape, uncontrollable, passive, helpless, escape

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35
Q

Helplessness Theory Hypothesis in Humans ->

When humans have no ______ over ______ events, they learn they are ______, making them _______ to respond in the future.

Allowing for a _______ may ______ the outcome

A

no, aversive helpless, unmotivated,

coping mechanism, improve

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36
Q

Hopelessness Theory is how the tendency to make _______ about ______ life events makes an individual cognitively ________.

Then if an individual experiences ________, negative events it leads to _______.

A

negative inferences, stressful, vulnerable,

uncontrollable, depression

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37
Q

Attribution styles are the ….

A

diathesis

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38
Q

Negative inferential styles or attribution styles have 3 components …..

A

1) attribute negative events to global and stable causes

2) assume negative consequences will follow a negative event

3) infer negative implications about your worthiness

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39
Q

The Attribution Theory of Depression infers that people have a ______ attribution style (_____)

A

pessimistic, diathesis

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40
Q

When people are exposed to _______ negative events, they ask _____, and the _______ a person makes
will determine whether they become ______ or _____.

A

uncontrollable, why, attributions, depressed, not

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41
Q

People who are susceptible to depression form a ______, ______ attribution of a ______ event

A

depressogenic, pessimistic, negative

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42
Q

pessimistic attribution style acts as a …

A

diathesis for depression

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43
Q

3 dimensions in which attributions are made ….

A

1) internal / external

2) global / specific

3) stable / unstable

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44
Q

Depressogenic attribution style would be …..

A

internal, global, and stable

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45
Q

Cognitive Style Questionnaire is derived from a ______ questionnaire, and assesses depression _______

A

attribution style, vulnerability

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46
Q

Cognitive Style Questionnaire has ______, with _____ scenarios and ______ scenarios.

A

24 item, 12 positive, 12 negative

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47
Q

In the Cognitive Style Questionnaire, each scenario is assessed via ______ and the ______ of the ______.

A

causes, meaning, scenario

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48
Q

Response Styles Theory states that people have ______ responses when they experience ______ and this can affect the _____, _____, and ______ of depressive symptoms

A

different, sadness/distress, onset, duration, severity

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49
Q

Response styles consist of (4) …..

A

1) Rumination
2) Distraction
3) Problem-solving
4) Dangerous activities/ risk-taking

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50
Q

Rumination ______ depressive symptoms

A

increases

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51
Q

Distraction ________ depressive symptoms

A

decreases

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52
Q

Problem-solving ______ depressive symptoms

A

decreases

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53
Q

Rumination = focus on _____ / ______ they feel that way

A

how, why

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54
Q

Rumination involves patterns of ______ and _____ focus to understanding _____ and _____ of one’s _____ mood.

A

repetitive, passive, causes, implications, negative

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55
Q

Rumination impedes ______, increases ______ of negative memories, decreases ________ behaviors

A

problem-solving, recall, pro-alleviating

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56
Q

Rumination can be _______ or ______

A

adaptive, maladaptive

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57
Q

Rumination _______ failures and hoplessness

A

increases

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58
Q

Response Style Theory of Depression (human application) ->

People who ______ on their “depressed” mood ARE more ______ to _____, ______, and have longer ______ of depressive episodes

A

ruminate, likely, predict, develop, onset

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59
Q

People who ruminate a great deal, have _____ periods of depression, and are more likely to have ______ episodes of _______

A

lengthier, full-blown, major depression

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60
Q

Rumination is thought to be more _______, and may be more ______

A

actioned approach, beneficial

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61
Q

Women are more likely to ruminate than ______.

A

men

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62
Q

Response Style Questionnaire or the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), has ….

A

22 items

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63
Q

Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ) also includes _______ and _______ scales, but it seems ________ is the best _______ for depression

A

problem-solving, distraction, rumination, predictor

64
Q

Interpersonal “Theory” of Depression is the idea that interpersonal relationships are a ______, and are
intertwined with _______ outcomes.

A

fundamental motivation, mental health

65
Q

The biggest stressful life events deal with …..

A

interpersonal “loss” or “exit”

66
Q

Onset and course of depression are inherently linked with ______ in social ______, social ______, and _______.

A

deficits, skills, support
interactions

67
Q

Not only do these theories assess the ______ of the ______ individual, but they take into consideration the ______ of the people ______ with the ______ individual.

A

viewpoint, depressed, viewpoint, involved, depressed

68
Q

Coyne’s Interpersonal Model of Depression:

Depression-prone individuals ______ their _____, and excessively seek
_____ of _____ and ______.

A

doubt, self-worth, reassurance, approval, acceptance

69
Q

Coyne’s Interpersonal Model of Depression:

Person is often _____ from reassurance, so continues to _____ it = over time,
results in _____, ______, interpersonal interactions.

A

unconvinced, seek, negative, aversive

70
Q

Coyne’s Interpersonal Model of Depression:

In depressed individual …..

In person dealing with depressed individual …..

A
  • frustration, feeling misunderstood, rejected
  • hostility, withdrawal, rejection
71
Q

Coyne’s Interpersonal Model of Depression:

Person can elicit …..

A

depression contagion

72
Q

depression contagion is when a _____ individual induces ______ state in the other ______.

A

depressed, negative mood, person

73
Q

Coyne’s Interpersonal Model of Depression:

Ultimately, excessive _______ = More likely to become ______, as they become _______ when they do not get what they _______.

A

reassurance, depressed, demoralized, hoped for

74
Q

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory of Depression states Depression-prone individuals lack the ______ necessary for obtaining + maintaining _______ from _______

A

social skills, positive reinforcement, social environment

75
Q

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory of Depression:

People who are socially ______ or lacking _______ are more likely to become ______

A

isolated, social support, depressed

76
Q

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory of Depression: Depressed people are less ______.

A

skilled socially

77
Q

Anxious and Avoidant Attachment “Theory”, derives from _______, which explains _______.

A

Bowlby attachment theory, human bonding

78
Q

Two global factors underlying adult attachment …..

A

1) Anxiety
2) Avoidance

79
Q

Anxiety and avoidance are measured by the …

A

adult attachment interview

80
Q

High in Anxiety =

A

difficulty trusting attachment figures

81
Q

High in Avoidance =

A

maintain distance and independence from attachment figures

82
Q

Anxious and Avoidant Attachment “Theory”: Persons who are anxious and avoidant find different ways of ______ distress when ______ to find sources of ______ and ______

A

regulating, unable, comfort, support

83
Q

Anxious and avoidant traits have been predictive of …..

A

depressive symptoms

84
Q

Marital+ Familial Discord Model of Depression is how the ______ of depression in a family may act as a general ______, and ______ the family’s adaptive resources

A

presence, stressor, strain

85
Q

Couples with a depressed individual = ______ negative and ______ positive behaviors

A

higher, lower

86
Q

Living in a _______ family environment can act as a ______ for depression, as well as worsen the _______ and increase _______ in already depressed people.

A

critical, diathesis, prognosis, relapse

87
Q

Family members with high _______ can make matters worse.

A

expressed emotion

88
Q

Components of high expressed emotion are ….

A

hostility, low tolerance, highly critical, intrusiveness, overbearing

89
Q

Critical family environment is assessed via the ….

A

Camberwell Family Interview

90
Q

Previously depressed individuals have different ________ in response to hearing _______ from their ______, compared to non-depressed individuals.

The person was _______ of brain changes.

A

brain response patterns, criticism, mothers

unaware

91
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model organizes _______ in terms of a ______.

A

interpersonal behaviors, circular continuum

92
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model: Vertical axis = ….

A

Dominance vs. Submissiveness

93
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model: Horizontal axis = …..

A

Love/Nurturance vs. Coldness

94
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model: blends into _____, ______ segments.

A

8, equal

95
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model: Each person is plotted in _____ dimensional interpersonal _____.

A

two, space

96
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model: Longer the vector =

A

the more rigid a person is in that dimension

97
Q

Interpersonal Circumplex Model is used to study ______ interpersonal behaviors of ______ individuals.

A

problematic, depressed

98
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy basic tenet is to _____ the conceptualization of how the individual ______ and _____ their ______, ______, and _____ into ______ reasoning

A

change, structures, interprets, moods, experiences, behavior, evidence-based

99
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a combination of ……

A

Cognitive Therapy and Behavioral Therapy

100
Q

Cognitive therapy ______ ones thinking to be more _______ in assessing one’s own ______.

A

modifies, accurate, viewpoint

101
Q

Behavioral therapy modifies ______.

A

maladaptive behaviors

102
Q

collaborative empiricism is when the ______ and ______ work together as an investigative team.

A

patient, therapist

103
Q

CBT utilizes ________ to develop ______ that can be tested and create ______.

A

collaborative empiricism, hypotheses, homework assignments

104
Q

With CBT eventually the therapist will become ______, and patient will take the _____ if successful.

A

less active, lead

105
Q

CBT focuses on changing ________ and ______.

A

maladaptive thoughts, behaviors

106
Q

CBT structure is _______ weekly sessions, to prevent _______

A

12-20, burnout

107
Q

CBT initial sessions start with ….

A

psycho-education

108
Q

Psycho-education is educating the client of their ____/____.

A

therapy,disorder

109
Q

CBT sessions will be structured to be _______ and set ______ for patient.

A

time efficient, expectations

110
Q

CBT starts with a ______ and sets an ______ for the session.

Then focus is on client’s ______ problems. Review ______ activities and ______ session topics. Set up an ______ and get ______ from client.

Session should always stay ______ and on track to the ______.

A

mood check, agenda

current, homework, bridge session topics, action plan, feedback

focused, agenda

111
Q

CBT provides the individual the _____/_____ to use them _______.

A

tools/skills, independently

112
Q

CBT allows the therapist ______ and _______ in treatment.

A

flexibility, creativity,

113
Q

CBT is individualized = treatment ______ for that person

A

specific

114
Q

CBT includes Thought Tracking ->

record your ______ thoughts and ______ the situation surrounding the ______ thoughts.

A

automatic, analyze, automatic

115
Q

CBT includes Thought Stopping ->

stop ______ thoughts and ______ your thinking

A

depressogenic, reroute

116
Q

CBT includes Socratic Questioning which is making you ______ of your
thoughts and _______ your feelings on why you feel that way.

A

aware, legitimizing

117
Q

In CBT Socratic Questioning, we are trying to target the …

A

depressogenic core belief

118
Q

Imagery Techniques / Role-playing can also help target this …..

A

depressogenic core belief

119
Q

(CBT Treatment) Self-Monitoring which is to record _____ each _____ along with their _____.

A

activities, hour, mood

120
Q

(CBT Treatment) Activity Scheduling which is to ______ specific _____ for activities that could ______ the client’s ______ or sense of ______.

A

identify, plans, increase, pleasure, accomplishment

121
Q

Self-Monitoring and Activity Scheduling are very similar to concepts in ….

A

behavioral therapy

122
Q

Self-Monitoring and Activity Scheduling are important because depressed people are not ______ or derive ______ from activities and ______ recognize that activities can influence ______.

A

motivated, pleasure, don’t, motivation

123
Q

(CBT Treatment) Problem-Solving Therapy includes ______ the behavioral ______ with the ______ potential to ______ with a situation

A

selecting, response, highest, cope

124
Q

Problem-solving Therapy has ______ sessions

A

4-12

125
Q

(CBT Treatment) Coping With Depression is meant to ______ depression through 4 domains …..

A

alleviate

1) increasing relaxation

2) increasing pleasant activities

3) changing negative cognitions

4) increasing social skills

126
Q

Coping With Depression has ______ sessions

A

12

127
Q

Behavioral Activation is ______ activity levels that are ______ and ______ to counteract ______ symptoms

A

increasing, positive, reinforcing, lethargic

128
Q

Behavioral Activation starts with _______; so you start with a small _______ activity so early success is _______ and the individual will not _______.

A

“getting out of the rut”, doable, guaranteed, fail

129
Q

Behavioral Activation uses ______ with _____ goals and ______ experiences for ______ and ______, as well as utilize assessments to monitor ______.

A

activity scheduling, realistic goals, rates, mastery, pleasure, progress

130
Q

With Behavioral Activation the therapist is a ______ in a sense

A

“coach”

131
Q

Persistent depressive (dysthymia) is to have ______ experienced _______ outcomes _______ their lives;

Patient lacks _______; struggle to see other’s ______, reduced ______

A

repeatedly, undesired, throughout

empathy, viewpoint, social standing

132
Q

With Persistent Depression, _______ connection between patient and _______.

A

reestablish, external world, , “value”

133
Q

“person x environment” model of therapy = ______. Used with patient with ______ to make them see their _____.

A

CBASP, dysthymia, value

134
Q

With CBASP, examine connection between what ______ and the effects on ______.

A

they do, others

135
Q

Idea of CBASP is to target _______/________

A

interpersonal avoidance, emotional neglect

136
Q

CBASP strategies include, make a _______ other list – to learn the ______ persons who have had _____ and ______ influences on the patient, and _______ each person.

A

significant, major, positive, negative, examine

137
Q

CBASP strategies include, identifying emotional ______ which are emotionally charged _______ centered on _______ and ______ with ______ individuals

A

timestamps, situations, past fears, negative experiences, significant

138
Q

CBASP strategies include transference hypothesis-> based on your past, how will you act in the ______.

Negative ______ about _____ relationships.

Goal is to create a ______ and _______ environment

A

present

expectations, future

controlled, safe

139
Q

With CBASP examining the role of the _____ relationship is super _____. The therapist more directly ______.

A

therapist-patient, important, involved

140
Q

CBASP: interpersonal discrimination -> target ______ for ______ interactions with _______ people in their lives

A

strategies, better, important

141
Q

CBASP: Situational analysis is to describe what _______ in the situation, what you _____, your ______, and desired ______.

A

happened, did, interpretation, outcome

142
Q

Interpersonal relationships impact _______ symptomology and _______ patients have social skill ______

A

depressive, depressed, deficits

143
Q

Interpersonal Therapy goal is to build interpersonal ______ and understand _____ between affects and actions in the interpersonal _____.

A

skills, connections, arena

144
Q

Interpersonal Therapy has _____ sessions; Addresses ______ problems, _______ the past.

A

16-20, current, not

145
Q

Interpersonal Therapy is structurally similar to ______. However, more focused on ______.

A

CBT, feelings

146
Q

Interpersonal Therapy focuses on ______ relationships rather than ______ relationship.

A

outside, therapeutic

147
Q

In Interpersonal Therapy, therapist is _______, and makes sure patient ______ depression as a ______

A

patient advocate, understands, medical illness

148
Q

In Interpersonal Therapy, therapist does not …

A

assign homework

149
Q

Interpersonal Therapy EARLY phase consists of _____ sessions

A

3

150
Q

Interpersonal Therapy EARLY phase includes (4) ….

A

1) How to deal with depression

2) Explain IPT concepts

3) Relate depression to IPT context

4) Decides on the focal problem area

151
Q

Interpersonal Therapy MIDDLE phase has _____ sessions.

A

10

152
Q

Interpersonal Therapy MIDDLE phase goal is to pursue ______ appropriate to the focal ______.

A

strategies, problem area

153
Q

4 problem areas in addressed in MIDDLE phase of Interpersonal Therapy …..

A

1) Grief – how to mourn

2) Role disputes – is the relationship
improvable or at an impasse

3) Role transitions – mourn old
role, recognize benefits of new role

4) Interpersonal deficits – develop new relationships and skill

154
Q

Interpersonal Therapy TERMINATION phase has _____ sessions.

A

3

155
Q

Interpersonal Therapy TERMINATION phase includes (3) ….

A

1) Fostering independence

2) Enhancing self-esteem

3) Anticipating future triggers

156
Q

With Interpersonal Therapy, if no ________: the treatment ______, not the ______

A

improvement, failed, patient

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