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Immunology Shelf > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophils recognize bacterial components through

A

CD14, MR, CR3, CR4, GR

enhances phagocytosis of bacteria

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2
Q

chemotactic agents

A

C5a, LTB4, chemokines (IL-8/CXCL8, MIP, MCP)

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3
Q

TCR

A

Ag peptide/MHC

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4
Q

TCR coreceptors

A

CD4, CD8

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5
Q

MHC class I expressed by

A

all cells in the body besides RBCs

for comprehensive surveillance by CD8 T cells

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6
Q

occurs at old age

A

thymic involution and immunological senescence

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7
Q

CD8 binds

A

MHC class I

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8
Q

CD4 binds

A

MHC class II

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9
Q

superantigens

A

SEB (staphylococcal enterotoxin)
SEC-2
SEE
TSST-1

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10
Q

co-stimulatory receptor required for full activation

A

CD28/B7

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11
Q

T cell receptors for B7 molecules on APC

A

CD28 and CTLA4

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12
Q

expressed by all T cells

A

CD28

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13
Q

expressed by activated T cells

A

CTLA4

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14
Q

interaction negatively regulates T cell activation, shutting down immune response

A

CTLA4:B7

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15
Q

Lck and ZAP-70

A

involved in the intracellular signaling events during T cell activation

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16
Q

immature effector T cells to Th1

A

IL-12 from DCs

IFN-gamma from Th1 and NK cells

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17
Q

immature effector T cells to Th2

A

IL-4 from mast cells, B cells and Th2 cells

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18
Q

Th1 cells

A

macrophage activation
B cell activation and production of opsonizing antibodies such as IgG1
cell-mediated

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19
Q

IFN-gamma

A

suppresses Th2 cells

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20
Q

Th2 cells

A 
general activation of B cells to make neutralizing IgG antibodies
eosinophil activation
suppression of macrophage activation
production of IgE
humoral
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21
Q

Six phases of B cell development

A
  1. repertoire assembly (generation in bone marrow)
  2. negative selection (alteration/elimination/inactivation of B cells that bind to self-antigens)
  3. positive selection (promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature in secondary lymphoid tissue)
  4. searching for infection (recirculation of mature B cells)
  5. finding infection (activation/clonal expansion activated by pathogen antigens in secondary lymphoid tissue)
  6. attacking infection (differentiation in antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells)
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22
Q

Two signals required for B cell activation

A
  1. antigen

2. T cell

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23
Q

T-independent antigens

A

TI-1

TI-2

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24
Q

TI-1

A

activates B cells via co-receptor other than Ig
polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes
ex) lipopolysaccharide

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25
Q

TI-2

A

repetitive epitopes
polysaccharides or proteins
activate B-1 and B-2 cells
inadequate response in children

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26
Q

Innate Immunity response

A

antigen independent, immediate, neutrophils, NK cells, Macrophages (DCs and TLRs)

27
Q

Adaptive Immunity response

A

Antigen-dependent, slower, T cells, B cells

28
Q

First immune cells to arrive at sites of infection from blood

A

neutrophils

29
Q

constitute 50% of white blood cells in blood

A

neutrophils

30
Q

short-lived, forms “pus”

A

neutrophils

31
Q

kills ingested bacteria by respiratory burst and bactericidal agents

A

neutrophils

32
Q

Steps of leukocyte migration/infiltration

A
  1. Rolling adhesion (L-selectin)
  2. Tight binding (adhesion triggered by cytokines)
  3. Diapedesis (firm adhesion through LFA-1:CR3)
  4. Migration (chemotaxis to infection sites)
33
Q

primary lymphoid follicle

A

mostly B cells

34
Q

secondary lymphoid follicle

A

has germinal center

35
Q

paracortical area

A

mostly T cells

36
Q

differentiation sites for effector T and B cells

A

lymph nodes

37
Q

Three ways for NK cells to recognize target cells

A
  1. binding of NK cell to antibody-coated target cell
  2. binding of NK cell to adhesion molecules on target cell
  3. activation of NK cell by absence of class I MHC
38
Q

Which antigens activate MHC class II?

A

extracellular:

extracellular bacteria, protein vaccine, fungi, tumor antigens

39
Q

Which antigens activate MHC class I?

A

intracellular:

virus, DNA vaccine, tumor antigens

40
Q

cells that express high levels of MHC II and MHC I

A

B cells, macrophages, DCs and thymic epithelial cells

41
Q

professional antigen-presenting cells

A

B cells, macrophages, DCs

42
Q

increases the expression of MHC I/II in APC and induces their expression in non-APC cells at the sites of infection

43
Q

uncommitted T cell progenitor cells express

44
Q

committed double-negative T-cell progenitor cells express

45
Q

Uncommitted double-positive thymocytes express?

A

CD8 and CD4

46
Q

T cell positive selection

A

interaction of a double-positive T cell with a self-peptide:self-MHC complex determines whether the T cell will become a CD4 or a CD8 T cell

47
Q

T cell negative selection

A

deletes T cells whose antigen receptors bind too strongly to the complexes of self peptides and self-MHC molecules presented by the cells in the thymus

48
Q

alpha subunit of CD8 binds to

A

alpha3 subunit of the MHC complex

49
Q

What do superantigens bind?

A

they link the MHC complexes with the TCRs

50
Q

function of TCRs

A

specific recognition of antigen

51
Q

function of CD3, CD4/CD8, CD28

A

signal transduction

52
Q

function of integrin

53
Q

ligand for L-selectin

A

CD34, GlyCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, SIaly Lewie

54
Q

ligands for P-selectin and E-selectin

A

Sialyl Lewis

55
Q

how do IFN-alpha and IFN-beta fight viral infections?

A
  1. inhibit viral replication
  2. increase MHC class I expression and antigen presenting in all cells (promote recognition by cytotoxic T cells)
  3. Active NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
56
Q

inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

57
Q

role of IL-6

A

promote phagocytosis through the production of opsonins in the liver

58
Q

down regulators

A
  1. IL-10, TGF-beta
  2. killing of activated lymphocytes by FAS-FASL
  3. CTLA4-B7 interaction
  4. Regulatory T cells (FoxP3+)
  5. Activation-induced cell death
59
Q

Pathogens’ immune-evasion strategies

A
  1. hide or disguise
  2. change Ag
  3. suppress Ag presentation
  4. suppress immune response
60
Q

Immunology of pregnancy (important points)

A
  1. Mucosal immunity (IgA) of the female genitalia tract
  2. Trophoblasts don’t express MHC I and MHC II
  3. Active immune supression bysecretion of immunosuppressive factors (alphafetoprotein, IL-10, TGF-beta)
  4. inhibition of immune cells by T-regulatory/suppressor cells ad progesterone
61
Q

Uses of antibodies for diagnosis and research

A
  1. blocking by neutralization of cytokines (steric hindrance)
  2. complement fixation and cytolysis or depletion of target cells
  3. agonistic antibodies (activate cells)
  4. simple binding (ELISA, Flow cytometry)
  5. cross-reaction (Coombs test)
62
Q

Coombs’ test

A

to detect the presence of cell-surface binding antibody

direct and indirect

63
Q

Direct Coombs’ test

A

commonly used for hemolytic anemia

cells are coated with primary Abs

64
Q

Indirect Coombs test

A

to screen pregnant women for anti-RhD antibodies that may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn
cells and primary Abs are from different persons

Immunology Shelf (15 decks)

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