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Hugh's MD2 Drugs > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

How does lactulose treat hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Lactulose helps trap the ammonia (NH3) in the colon. It does this by using gut flora to acidify the colon, transforming the freely diffusible ammonia into ammonium (NH4+) which can no longer diffuse back into the blood.

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2
Q

Which diuretic is used in heart failure?

A

Loop diuretic ie frusemide

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3
Q

What is frusemide?

A

Loop diuretic

Acts on the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

Causes K+ loss due to increased Na+ in collecting duct (actions of aldosterone)

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4
Q

What are some indications for infliximab?

A

UC

Crohn’s

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5
Q

What is dilantin?

A

Anti-convulsant for management of complex partial seizures and generalised tonic-clonic seizures

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action and effect of benzodiazepines?

A

Potent inhibitor of GABA in the CNS

Antianolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, antiepileptic

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

A

Blocks dopamine receptor (and when given at higher doses) serotinin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the CNS

Enhances the activity of ACh in the gut to increase motility

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8
Q

What are the names of some non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

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9
Q

Which diuretic is used in HTN?

A

Thiazides

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10
Q

What type of drugs rapamil?

A

Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

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11
Q

What is targin?

A

Oxycodone/Naloxone opioid analgesic

Oxycodone is pain relief

Naloxone reduces opioid-induced euphoria & constipation

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12
Q

What is ototoxic mean?

A

Toxic to the ear - specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve

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13
Q

What is the normal dose of oxycodone for pain relief?

A

5mg

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14
Q

What type of drug is diltiazem?

A

Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

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15
Q

What is spirolactone?

A

K-sparring diuretic > aldosterone receptor antagonist

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16
Q

What is the indication for colchicine?

A

Mainly gout - pain relief

17
Q

What type of drug is nifedipine? Indications? Side effects?

A

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (peripheral vasodilator)

HTN, angina

Peripheral oedema that doesn’t respond to diuretics

18
Q

What dose of naloxone is used to reverse opioid overdose? What pharmakinetic factor must be considered?

A

0.4 to 2mg initial, repeated every 2-3mins until reversal (to a maximum of 10mg)

The duration of action of naloxone is shorter than opioids, must monitor patient

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of infliximab?

A

Inhibitor of TNF-alpha

20
Q

What is the normal dose of ibuprofen for pain relief?

A

400mg

21
Q

Which are the centrally acting calcium channel blockers, dihydropyridines or non-dihydropyridines

A

Non-dihydropyridines

22
Q

What is the names of some dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

A

Nifedipine

Amlodipine

23
Q

What is novorapid?

A

Fast-acting insulin analog

24
Q

What is Tazocin?

A

A combination of the beta-lactam piperacillin and beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam

Commonly indicated in patients with hospitally acquired pneumonia/septicaemia

25
Q

What is the method of action and indication of methotrexate?

A

Inhibition of folic acid

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

26
Q

What is the triple whammy effect of NSAIDs, diuretics, and ACEIs?

A

NSAIDs block prostaglandin production, prostaglandin provides tonic vasodilation of afferent renal arterioles

ACEI block angiotensin II, which exerts tonic vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

Diuretics reduce plasma volume and renal plasma flow

= Reduction in GFR = renal damage

27
Q

What is celecoxib?

A

An NSAID used for some arthritis

28
Q

What type of drug is isosorbide mononitrate?

A

A nitrate used in the treatment of angina

Dilates blood vessels

29
Q

What are the side effects of prednisolone?

A

Weight gain

Increased insulin resistance

Proximal muscle weakness

Hirsutism

Striae

Increased BP

Immunosuppression

Impaired wound healing

Easy of bruising

Osteoporosis

Menstrual changes

Steroid madness, euphoria

30
Q

What is lactulose indicated for?

A

Chronic constipation

Hepatic encephalopathy

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?

A

Inhibit the slow inward calcium current in cardiac arteriolar muscle cells, reducing contractility, SA activity, AV node conduction and vascular tone

Can be vascularly selective - dihydropyridine CCBs > arteriolar vasodilation > reduce afterload

Or cardiac and vascular selective with negative inotropic and chronotropic properties > used for arrhythmias and angina

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of colchicine?

A

Inhibits mitotic spindle formation > inhibits neutrophil migration, chemotaxis, adhesion and phagocytosis > reduces inflammatory response to urate crystals

33
Q

What are some side effects of amiodarone?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

Thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroid

Vision changes - yellow vision, reversible

34
Q

What is the usual dose of paracetamol for pain relief?

A

1g, QID (4 times per day)

35
Q

What type of drug is amlodipine?

A

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (peripheral vasodilator)

36
Q

What type of drug is midazolam?

A

A benzodiazepine

37
Q

What is Fentanyl?

A

Synthetic opioid analgesic

38
Q

What are the 3 system you worry about when giving NSAIDs?

A

Renal: Renal toxicity

Cardiac: Fluid retention

GIT: Ulcers

39
Q

What is a oculogyric crisis? Which drugs cause it?

A

A dystonic reaction to certain drugs that causes a prolonged involuntary upward gaze of the eye

  • Dopamine D2 antagonists
  • Neuroleptics
  • Antihistamines

Hugh's MD2 Drugs (16 decks)

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