Gene Structure And Regulation Flashcards
What is a gene, what does it synthesize and what does it effect?
Gene is the DNA sequence required to synthesize a product (usually protein or a
RNA) and it ends up affecting the function of a cell
DNA and RNA are structurally similar, how?( NPNH)
Nitrogenous bases
Phosphorites bonds
Nucleotide comp
Helical structure
What is the structure of DNA, what direction and what is it held by?
- Two strands ( double stranded)
- Opposite directions
- Held together by weak hydrogen bonds
What does DNA make? What is this process called?
- DNA makes mRNA
- This process is called transcription
What does mRNA make? And what is this called
- mRNA makes protein
- This process is called transcription
Describe what happens at each process and where it occurs : transcription, rna processing, and translation.
- Transcription: DNA is copied into messenger RNA. This occurs in the nucleus
- RNA processing: before the mrna leaves the nucleus is becomes mature mrna .
- Translation: mRNA is translated into an amino acid chain (polypeptide) which folds into a protein. Occurs in cytoplasm at a ribosome.
What are the two regions of Gene structure.
- Regulatory region and the transcribed region.
What does the regulatory region contain
- Enhancers
- Promoter
What does the transcribed region contain and what is the function of each
- introns (noncoding that gets removed).
- exons ( coding regions that make proteins)
- stop signal
What does the regulatory region control?
- Timing (when)
- Location (where)
- rate of transcription
What does the transcribed region control or determine?
- Determines they type of product
How does punctuation relate to genes?
What are some examples?
How are they are recognized
- It ensures that sentences are read correctly
- Introns and Exons
- Start and stop codos
- Some sequences are recognized by proteins AFTER transcribed from the DNA
What is the SPL9 Gene?
- regulates plant development
Why is the SPL9 gene important to gene structure and regulation
- It shows how genes are turned on and off.
Transcription: Making RNA
- What does the regulatory region contain?
- What do they do
- What happens with introns, and in what direction are they added? ( greatest to lowest)
- The regulatory region contains enhancers and promoters
- Ehancer binding proteins bind to enhancer sequences
- Introns are removed, and sequences are added at the 5’ to 3’ end before being exported out of the nucelous.
RNA splicing promotes protein diversity in what direction and how? (3 e’s 3 p’s)
- 3 different exons that go through transcription
- turns polypeptide into 3 domains
- RNA is synthesized 5’ to 3’ anti parallel to the template of DNA
- Transfer RNA are linked to specific aa and pair with specific mRNA sequences.
Codons are redudant
- they can code for the same amino acid
What shape does a primary protein fold into?
- a 3d shape that has a specific function
How does cellular diversity arise during development or in response to environmental signals
- Cells become different by turning specific genes on and off, which help guide their development
- Environmental factors like hormones, stress,s and temp can also influence how cells adapt.
