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EoM 2 > Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Gene Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of positive regulation

A

Enhancer and Activator

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2
Q

Two types of negative regulation

A

Silencer and Repressor

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3
Q

What is double negative regulation

A

inhibiting a negative regulator

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4
Q

Three types of temporal regulation patterns

A

1) increased gene expression dependent on continued presence of signal
2) Increased gene expression transient even in presence of signal
3) Increased gene expression indefinitely after signal termination

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5
Q

Grouped unit of genes and regulatory elements (prokaryote)

A

operon

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6
Q

Alternative name for gene (prokaryote)

A

cistron

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7
Q

Multiple genes on an operon (w/ individual start/stop)

A

Polycistronic

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8
Q

Gene comes on in presence of signal

A

inducible

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9
Q

Gene expression which is always on

A

constitutive expression

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10
Q

LacZ codes for…

A

beta-galactosidase

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11
Q

LacY codes for…

A

permease

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12
Q

LacA codes for…

A

transacetylase

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13
Q

LacI codes for…

A

the repressor

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14
Q

Inducers which bind to the repressor (inactivating it) in the lac operon…

A

Lactose, allactose, isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG)

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15
Q

Which of the lac operon genes is constitutive?

A

LacI (repressor)

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16
Q

What happens to the lac operon in the presence of glucose?

A

Low levels of cAMP. cAMP not bound to CAP in order to promote lac mRNA expression

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17
Q

What happens to the lac operon in scare glucose conditions?

A

cAMP binds to CAP. CAP promotes expression of more lac mRNA

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18
Q

Lysogenic phase of viral reproduction

A

Incorporation into host bacterium’s genome

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19
Q

Lytic phase of viral reproduction

A

Destruction of the host cell while copying viral DNA

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20
Q

Genetic switch of bacteriophage, what breaks down the constitutive repressor?

A

recA

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21
Q

What triggers recA in the example given?

A

UV radiation

22
Q

Cis elements in gene regulation

A

in the immediate vicinity of the promoter/gene

23
Q

trans elements in gene regulation

A

coded elsewhere from the gene (usually something like a transcription factor)

24
Q

Heritable changes in gene expression that occur without a change in DNA sequence

A

epigenetics

25
Q

The three epigenetic mechanisms

A

1) DNA methylation
2) histone modifications
3) RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation

26
Q

What enzyme methylates cytosines in DNA?

A

DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1)

27
Q

What is methylated cytosine called

A

5-methylcytosine 5mC

28
Q

Where is DNA methylation common?

A

CG (or CpG) dinucleotides

29
Q

Exception to DNA methylation happening evenly?

A

X chromosome inactivation (random in placental mammals, paternal in marsupials) and imprinting (parent of origin dependent methylation)

30
Q

Regions of tightly packed nucleosomes (highly enriched for 5mC)

A

heterochromatin (AT rich)

31
Q

Less tightly packed nucleosomes, allowing binds of RNA polymerase and regulatory proteins controlling gene expression

A

euchromatin (GC rich)

32
Q

Why does histone acetylation increase gene expression?

A

It neutralizes the (+) charge on the lysine residues, which was previously electrically drawn to (-) charges on DNA.

33
Q

Do histone deacetylases (HDAC) increase or decrease gene expression?

A

decrease

34
Q

Do histone acetylases (HAT) increase or decrease gene expression?

A

increase

35
Q

Do histone methyltransferases increase or decrease gene expression?

A

decrease

36
Q

Mutated methyl-CpG binding protein (MECP2) causing severely disrupted neurological development and impaired motor skills. X-linked condition

A

Rett Syndrome

37
Q

677CT polymorphism linked to altered patterns of DNA methylation. Increased risk for breast and colorectal cancer

A

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)

38
Q

Imprinting disorder on Chromosome 15, leading to paternal LOF

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

39
Q

Imprinting disorder on Chromosome 15, leading to maternal LOF

A

Angelman syndrome

40
Q

Activation of igf2 (insulin-like growth factor) on chromosome 11

A

Bechwith-Wiedermann syndrome

41
Q

Histone modification defect leading to severe retardation

A

Coffin-Lowry Syndrome

42
Q

Defect in DNA methylation leading to intellectual disability

A

Fragile X syndrome

43
Q

Two ways epigenetics leads to cancer

A

1) oncogenes upregulated (hypomethylation)

2) downregulation of tumor suppressor genes (hypermethylation)

44
Q

Gene which checks genome for errors. It is hypermethylated in many cancers

A

p53

45
Q

What structure / protein complex brings genes closer and could possibly play a role in gene coordination

A

Enhanceosomes

46
Q

Three DNA binding motifs active in transcriptional control

A

1) zinc fingers
2) helix-turn-helix
3) leucine zipper

47
Q

Three methods of transcriptional control

A

1) cell signaling by ligand activation of an intracellular receptor (this would cross the cell membrane)
2) ligand activation of a plasma membrane receptor (would use second messengers)
3) ligand activation of a plasma membrane G protein receptor

48
Q

What processes are miRNA involved in?

A

early development, cell proliferation/death, fat metabolism, cell differentiation

49
Q

What complex do miRNAs need to function?

A

RNA induced silencing complex (RISC)

50
Q

How do miRNA and siRNA differ?

A

1) siRNA are manmade

2) siRNA are double-stranded RNA typically whereas miRNA loop back on themselves

51
Q

Codeine is a prodrug for what active substance?

A

morphine

52
Q

Which gene is responsible for metabolizing codeine into morphine?

A

CYP2D6

EoM 2 (12 decks)

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